Studied by 26 people
average brain size: ape
~400 cc
average brain size: graciles
~400 cc
average brain size: robusts
~500 cc
average brain size: habilis
~650 cc
average brain size: erectus
~900 cc
average brain size: heidelbergensis
~1200 cc
average brain size: neanderthalensis
~1500 cc
average brain size: sapiens (AMH)
~1400 cc
What are the main points of The Replacement Model?
moderns arose in Africa
moderns replaced all other archaic forms (NO INTERBREEDING)
What are the main points of the Multiregional Model?
moderns arose in different regions
moderns + archaic interconnected by gene flow (INTERBREEDING)
What are the main points of the Assimilation Model?
moderns arose in Africa
moderns interbred with archaic forms (Neanderthals were genetically swamped)
What traits classify hominini (Homo)? (9)
bipedal
increasing brain size
reduced prognathism
no CP3 honing complex
thick molar enamel
parabolic dentition
smaller teeth
no crests
tori (thickened bone)
What feature of the skull indicates bipedality?
centralized foramen magnum
What feature of the skull indicates quadrupedalism?
intermediate/ posterior FM
What features of the torso indicate bipedality?
S-shaped spine
curved iliac blades
What features of the torso indicate quadrupedalism?
C-shaped spine
straight iliac blades
What features of the legs/hips indicate bipedality?
short + broad pelvis
angled femur
valgus knee
What features of the legs/hips indicate quadrupedalism?
tall + narrow pelvis
straight femur
versus knee
define: versus knee
non-locking knee
define: valgus knee
locking knee
What features of the foot indicate bipedality?
thick tarsal + hallux bones
short toes
non-divergent hallux
2 arches: longitudinal + transverse
What features of the foot indicate quadrupedalism?
small tarsal bones
long toes
divergent hallux
thinner hallux
1 arch: transverse
ape vs. human dental characteristic
ape: CP3 honing complex human: reduced canine
ape vs. human: dental arcade shape
ape: parallel human: parabolic
ape vs. human: molar enamel thickness
ape: thin molar enamel human: thick molar enamel
ape vs. human: facial projection
ape: prognathic human: flat
ape vs. human: locomotive pattern
ape: quadruped human: bipedal
Which hominin group used mousterian tools?
Neanderthals
Which type of tool is this?
mousterian (hafted - attached to handle)
Which hominin group used upper paleolithic tools?
AMH
Which type of tool is this?
upper paleolithic (cave art, personal adornment, + portable art)
Which hominin group used Oldowan tools?
H. habilis
What type of tool is this?
Oldowan (hammerstone; used to extract bone marrow)
What hominin group use Acheulean tools?
H. erectus
What type of tool is this?
Acheulean (hand axe; multipurpose tool)
Which 2 of the 5 Australopithecines are considered gracile?
A. afarensis A. africanus
Which 3 of the 5 Australopithecines are considered robust?
A. robustus A. boisei A. aethiopicus
Which region did A. afarensis inhabit?
East Africa
Which region did A. africanus inhabit?
South Africa
Which region did A. robustus inhabit?
South Africa
Which region did A. boisei inhabit?
East Africa
Which region did A. aethiopicus inhabit?
East Africa
What are the 5 types of Australopithecines?
A. afarensis A. africanus A. robustus A. boisei A. aethiopicus
What countries are part of the Great Rift Valley in Africa?
Ethiopia, Kenya, + Tanzania
What traits separate Australopithecines from other groups? (5)
small brain size
prognathic
crests
arboreal adaptations (long arms + fingers)
reduced canines
Average brain size of gracile Australopithecines?
~400 cc
Average brain size of robust Australopithecines?
~500 cc
What physical traits separate A. afarensis? (4)
no true CP3 hone
reduced incisors
C-TNC
sexually dimorphic
What physical traits separate A. africanus? (4)
no true CP3 hone
reduced incisors
nuchal crest only
sexually dimorphic
What physical traits separate A. robustus + A. boisei? (7)
sagittal + nuchal crest
dished face
small anterior teeth (incisors + canines)
post-canine megadontia
molarized premolars
flaring zygomatics
post-orbital constriction
What physical traits separate A. aethiopicus? (7)
sagittal crest
C-TNC
dished
small anterior teeth (incisors + canines)
post-canine megadontia
molarized premolars
post-orbital constriction
What does post-canine megadontia mean?
the teeth behind the canines, premolars + molars, are huge
What does having post-orbital constriction mean?
the area behind the eyes is pinched in allowing more area for facial muscles
What are the 5 types of Homo?
H. habilis
H. erectus
H. heidelbergensis (archaics)
H. neanderthalensis
H. sapiens sapiens (AMH)
Which type of Homo is considered the archaics?
H. heidelbergensis
What type of Homo are considered AMH?
Homo sapiens sapiens
What region did H. habilis inhabit?
Eastern + Southern Africa
What region did H. erectus inhabit?
Africa, Asia, + Europe
What region did H. heidelbergensis inhabit?
Africa, Asia, + Europe
What region did H. neanderthalensis inhabit?
Europe + Middle East
What region did H. sapiens inhabit?
Africa, Asia, + Europe
What is the cranial buttressing system?
a series of thickened ridges (torus) that serve as an adaptation for absorbing stress on the cranium
What parts of the cranium make up the buttressing system?
supraorbital torus
sagittal keel
nuchal (occipital) torus
angular torus
What part of the buttressing system is this?
supraorbital torus
What part of the buttressing system is this?
sagittal keel
What part of the buttressing system is this?
nuchal (occipital) torus
What part of the buttressing system is this?
angular torus
Brain size: Sahelanthropus tchadensis
~350 cc
Brain size: Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy)
~350 cc
Characteristics of Sahelanthropus tchadensis (3)
large canines but no honing complex
centrally located FM
large brow ridge
Characteristics of Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy) (3)
large canines but no honing complex
thin enamel
bipedal morphology (short + broad pelvis; divergent hallux)
What 2 species are the pre-Australopithecines?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis + Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy)
What physical traits separate H. habilis? (8)
rounded cranium
small teeth
no tori
reduced prognathism
sloping frontal bone (forehead)
small stature
longer arms
modern hand/foot
What physical traits separate H. erectus? (7)
sloping frontal bone (forehead)
sagittal keel
supraorbital torus
occipital torus
angular torus
shovel-shaped incisors
modern height + limb proportions
What physical traits indicate an Asian H. erectus? (3)
sagittal keel
angular torus
shovel-shaped incisors
What physical traits do both African and Asian H. erectus have? (2)
supraorbital torus (both)
occipital (nuchal) torus (both)
What physical traits separate H. heidelbergensis (archaics)? (4)
sloping frontal bone (forehead)
supraorbital torus
occipital torus
long, low cranium (oval)
What physical traits separate H. neanderthalensis? (10)
long, low cranium (oval)
sloping forehead
supraorbital torus
occipital bun
shovel-shaped incisors
retro-molar space
large incisors w/ extreme wear
large nasal aperture
short distal limbs
barrel chest
What physical traits separate H. sapiens sapiens (AMH)? (8)
prominent mastoid process
high, round cranium
vertical forehead
orthognathic face (flat)
gracile skeleton
small jaws + teeth
no tori or crests
prominent chin
Identify the species
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Identify the species
Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy)
Identify the species
H. sapiens sapiens (AMH)
Identify the species
A. afarensis
Identify the species
A. africanus
Identify the species
A. robustus
Identify the species
A. boisei
Identify the species
A. aethiopicus
Identify the species
H. habilis
Identify the species
H. erectus
Identify the species
H. heidelbergensis (archaic)
Identify the species
H. neanderthalensis
Identify the physical trait
flaring zygomatics
Identify the physical trait
supraorbital torus
Identify the physical trait
C-TNC
Identify the physical trait
post-orbital constriction
Identify the physical trait
sagittal keel
Identify the physical trait
angular torus
Identify the trait
occipital torus
What arch does the blue line represent?
transverse arch
What arch does the red line represent?
longitudinal arch
Note 
Flashcard (40)