ANTH1A: Hominin Exam

average brain size: ape

~400 cc

average brain size: graciles

~400 cc

average brain size: robusts

~500 cc

average brain size: habilis

~650 cc

average brain size: erectus

~900 cc

average brain size: heidelbergensis

~1200 cc

average brain size: neanderthalensis

~1500 cc

average brain size: sapiens (AMH)

~1400 cc

What are the main points of The Replacement Model?

- moderns arose in Africa
- moderns replaced all other archaic forms (NO INTERBREEDING)

What are the main points of the Multiregional Model?

- moderns arose in different regions
- moderns + archaic interconnected by gene flow (INTERBREEDING)

What are the main points of the Assimilation Model?

- moderns arose in Africa
- moderns interbred with archaic forms (Neanderthals were genetically swamped)

What traits classify hominini (Homo)? (9)

- bipedal
- increasing brain size
- reduced prognathism
- no CP3 honing complex
- thick molar enamel
- parabolic dentition
- smaller teeth
- no crests
- tori (thickened bone)

What feature of the skull indicates bipedality?

centralized foramen magnum

What feature of the skull indicates quadrupedalism?

intermediate/ posterior FM

What features of the torso indicate bipedality?

- S-shaped spine
- curved iliac blades

What features of the torso indicate quadrupedalism?

- C-shaped spine
- straight iliac blades

What features of the legs/hips indicate bipedality?

- short + broad pelvis
- angled femur
- valgus knee

What features of the legs/hips indicate quadrupedalism?

- tall + narrow pelvis
- straight femur
- versus knee

define: versus knee

non-locking knee

define: valgus knee

locking knee

What features of the foot indicate bipedality?

- thick tarsal + hallux bones
- short toes
- non-divergent hallux
- 2 arches: longitudinal + transverse

What features of the foot indicate quadrupedalism?

- small tarsal bones
- long toes
- divergent hallux
- thinner hallux
- 1 arch: transverse

ape vs. human dental characteristic

ape: CP3 honing complex
human: reduced canine

ape vs. human: dental arcade shape

ape: parallel
human: parabolic

ape vs. human: molar enamel thickness

ape: thin molar enamel
human: thick molar enamel

ape vs. human: facial projection

ape: prognathic
human: flat

ape vs. human: locomotive pattern

ape: quadruped
human: bipedal

Which hominin group used mousterian tools?

Neanderthals

Which type of tool is this?

mousterian (hafted - attached to handle)

Which hominin group used upper paleolithic tools?

AMH

Which type of tool is this?

upper paleolithic
(cave art, personal adornment, + portable art)

Which hominin group used Oldowan tools?

H. habilis

What type of tool is this?

Oldowan
(hammerstone; used to extract bone marrow)

What hominin group use Acheulean tools?

H. erectus

What type of tool is this?

Acheulean
(hand axe; multipurpose tool)

Which 2 of the 5 Australopithecines are considered gracile?

A. afarensis
A. africanus

Which 3 of the 5 Australopithecines are considered robust?

A. robustus
A. boisei
A. aethiopicus

Which region did A. afarensis inhabit?

East Africa

Which region did A. africanus inhabit?

South Africa

Which region did A. robustus inhabit?

South Africa

Which region did A. boisei inhabit?

East Africa

Which region did A. aethiopicus inhabit?

East Africa

What are the 5 types of Australopithecines?

A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. robustus
A. boisei
A. aethiopicus

What countries are part of the Great Rift Valley in Africa?

Ethiopia, Kenya, + Tanzania

What traits separate Australopithecines from other groups? (5)

- small brain size
- prognathic
- crests
- arboreal adaptations (long arms + fingers)
- reduced canines

Average brain size of gracile Australopithecines?

~400 cc

Average brain size of robust Australopithecines?

~500 cc

What physical traits separate A. afarensis? (4)

- no true CP3 hone
- reduced incisors
- C-TNC
- sexually dimorphic

What physical traits separate A. africanus? (4)

- no true CP3 hone
- reduced incisors
- nuchal crest only
- sexually dimorphic

What physical traits separate A. robustus + A. boisei? (7)

- sagittal + nuchal crest
- dished face
- small anterior teeth (incisors + canines)
- post-canine megadontia
- molarized premolars
- flaring zygomatics
- post-orbital constriction

What physical traits separate A. aethiopicus? (7)

- sagittal crest
- C-TNC
- dished
- small anterior teeth (incisors + canines)
- post-canine megadontia
- molarized premolars
- post-orbital constriction

What does post-canine megadontia mean?

the teeth behind the canines, premolars + molars, are huge

What does having post-orbital constriction mean?

the area behind the eyes is pinched in allowing more area for facial muscles

What are the 5 types of Homo?

- H. habilis
- H. erectus
- H. heidelbergensis (archaics)
- H. neanderthalensis
- H. sapiens sapiens (AMH)

Which type of Homo is considered the archaics?

H. heidelbergensis

What type of Homo are considered AMH?

Homo sapiens sapiens

What region did H. habilis inhabit?

Eastern + Southern Africa

What region did H. erectus inhabit?

Africa, Asia, + Europe

What region did H. heidelbergensis inhabit?

Africa, Asia, + Europe

What region did H. neanderthalensis inhabit?

Europe + Middle East

What region did H. sapiens inhabit?

Africa, Asia, + Europe

What is the cranial buttressing system?

a series of thickened ridges (torus) that serve as an adaptation for absorbing stress on the cranium

What parts of the cranium make up the buttressing system?

- supraorbital torus
- sagittal keel
- nuchal (occipital) torus
- angular torus

What part of the buttressing system is this?

supraorbital torus

What part of the buttressing system is this?

sagittal keel

What part of the buttressing system is this?

nuchal (occipital) torus

What part of the buttressing system is this?

angular torus

Brain size: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

~350 cc

Brain size: Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy)

~350 cc

Characteristics of Sahelanthropus tchadensis (3)

- large canines but no honing complex
- centrally located FM
- large brow ridge

Characteristics of Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy) (3)

- large canines but no honing complex
- thin enamel
- bipedal morphology (short + broad pelvis; divergent hallux)

What 2 species are the pre-Australopithecines?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis + Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy)

What physical traits separate H. habilis? (8)

- rounded cranium
- small teeth
- no tori
- reduced prognathism
- sloping frontal bone (forehead)
- small stature
- longer arms
- modern hand/foot

What physical traits separate H. erectus? (7)

- sloping frontal bone (forehead)
- sagittal keel
- supraorbital torus
- occipital torus
- angular torus
- shovel-shaped incisors
- modern height + limb proportions

What physical traits indicate an Asian H. erectus? (3)

- sagittal keel
- angular torus
- shovel-shaped incisors

What physical traits do both African and Asian H. erectus have? (2)

- supraorbital torus (both)
- occipital (nuchal) torus (both)

What physical traits separate H. heidelbergensis (archaics)? (4)

- sloping frontal bone (forehead)
- supraorbital torus
- occipital torus
- long, low cranium (oval)

What physical traits separate H. neanderthalensis? (10)

- long, low cranium (oval)
- sloping forehead
- supraorbital torus
- occipital bun
- shovel-shaped incisors
- retro-molar space
- large incisors w/ extreme wear
- large nasal aperture
- short distal limbs
- barrel chest

What physical traits separate H. sapiens sapiens (AMH)? (8)

- prominent mastoid process
- high, round cranium
- vertical forehead
- orthognathic face (flat)
- gracile skeleton
- small jaws + teeth
- no tori or crests
- prominent chin

Identify the species

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Identify the species

Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardy)

Identify the species

H. sapiens sapiens (AMH)

Identify the species

A. afarensis

Identify the species

A. africanus

Identify the species

A. robustus

Identify the species

A. boisei

Identify the species

A. aethiopicus

Identify the species

H. habilis

Identify the species

H. erectus

Identify the species

H. heidelbergensis (archaic)

Identify the species

H. neanderthalensis

Identify the physical trait

flaring zygomatics

Identify the physical trait

supraorbital torus

Identify the physical trait

C-TNC

Identify the physical trait

post-orbital constriction

Identify the physical trait

sagittal keel

Identify the physical trait

angular torus

Identify the trait

occipital torus

What arch does the blue line represent?

transverse arch

What arch does the red line represent?

longitudinal arch