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Bill of Rights
The first ten Amendments to the Constitution, designed to protect individual liberties and rights.
Civil liberties
Constitutionally established guarantees that protect citizens against arbitrary government interference.
Civil rights
Rights that protect individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, and sex.
First Amendment
Guarantees religious freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press.
Second Amendment
The right to bear arms.
Fourth Amendment
The right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.
Fifth Amendment
Includes the due process clause that applies to the national government.
Sixth Amendment
Guarantees the right to legal counsel, a speedy and public trial, and an impartial jury.
Eighth Amendment
Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.
Ninth Amendment
States that individuals have rights beyond those listed in the first eight amendments.
Fourteenth Amendment
Includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses and grants citizenship to all born in the U.S.
Establishment Clause
Prohibits the government from establishing an official religion.
Free Exercise Clause
Guarantees freedom of conscience and prohibits government interference in religious beliefs.
Symbolic speech
Nonverbal action that communicates an idea or belief.
Time, place, manner
Regulations that impose limits on the timing, location, and noise level of events.
Obscenity
Speech that offends prevailing societal morality.
Defamation
Language that harms another's reputation.
Libel
Written defamation.
Slander
Oral defamation.
Clear and present danger
Speech can be limited if it poses a danger to public safety.
Prior restraint
The government cannot censor speech before it occurs without a heavy presumption against it.
Selective incorporation
Doctrine that extends Bill of Rights protections to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
Due process
Government may not infringe on rights to life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
Procedural due process
Government must use fair methods when making decisions affecting constitutional rights.
Miranda rule
Accused persons must be informed of their procedural rights before interrogation.
Public safety exception
Allows unwarned interrogation to be admissible in court.
Patriot Act
Legislation enacted post-9/11 to expand law enforcement surveillance capabilities.
USA Freedom Act
Legislation intended to limit bulk collection of telecommunication data.
Exclusionary rule
Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court.
Substantive due process
Examines whether laws infringe on individual rights in an arbitrary manner.
Unenumerated rights
Constitutionally protected rights not explicitly listed in the Bill of Rights.
Right to privacy
Recognized right not explicitly named in the Constitution, derived from the Due Process Clause.
Griswold v. Connecticut
Supreme Court case that protected the right to privacy from government infringement.
Roe v. Wade
Extended the right to privacy to a woman's right to abortion.
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
Overturned Roe v. Wade, stating the Constitution does not confer a right to abortion.
Civil Rights Movement
A campaign from 1954 to 1968 to end racial segregation and discrimination.
Letter from Birmingham Jail
A letter by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. advocating for direct action against unjust laws.
Women’s Rights Movement
A campaign focusing on gender equality and discrimination in the 1960s and 1970s.
National Organization of Women (NOW)
An organization advocating for gender equality.
LGBTQ rights
Rights related to sexual orientation and gender identity, including same-sex marriage.
Pro-life movement
An anti-abortion movement based on moral beliefs regarding when life begins.
Pro-choice movement
Supports women's legal rights to choose elective abortions.
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibits discrimination in public places and in employment.
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972
Prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Prohibits racial discrimination in voting.
Separate but equal doctrine
Allowed for segregation as long as facilities were deemed equal.
Majority-minority districting
Creating electoral districts where racial or ethnic minorities are the majority.
Affirmative Action
Policies aimed at addressing disparities in the workplace and education.
