AP Euro Vocab Quiz 1.5-1.6

Agricultural commodities

Goods produced on farms for sale; animals, fruit, vegetable, and grain products.

Absolute sovereignty

Rulers of the sovereign state maintain peace by issuing laws and dictating religion, regardless of the people's consent.

Act of Supremacy

Law passed in Nov 1534 making the king of England the head of the Church of England, ending Catholicism in England.

Bodin, Jean

French philosopher (1530-1596) who spread the idea of Absolute Sovereignty and advocated for patriarchal society and religious tolerance.

Centralized power

Power held by a small group or a single individual.

Concordat of Bologna

1516 agreement allowing the pope to collect income from the Catholic Church in France, increasing the French king's power.

Conversos

Jews and Muslims forced to convert to Christianity during the Spanish Inquisition of the 15th century.

Decentralized power

Power spread among many groups and individuals.

Diet of Augsburg

1530 meeting to settle differences between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, giving Protestants a deadline to return to Catholicism.

Edict of Nantes

1598 agreement granting French Huguenots more rights and not treating them as heretics.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1558-1603, following the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.

Gentry

Wealthy landowners without inherited titles.

Grotius, Hugo

Dutch philosopher (1583-1645) who argued for innate human rights and rational governance, laying the foundation for international law.

Guilds

Merchant groups that wielded political power.

Henry VIII

King of England who broke with the pope to divorce Katherine of Aragon and marry a younger woman.

Huguenots

French Calvinist Protestants.

Inquisition

Tool used by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to root out heresy and consolidate power, targeting Jews and Muslims.

King Ferdinand

15th-century king of Spain who unified and consolidated power.

Mary Tudor

Daughter of Henry VIII who reigned from 1553-1558, attempting to restore Catholicism in England.

Marranos

Jews or Muslims who converted to Christianity but secretly practiced Judaism in 15th-century Spain.

Modern state

Centralized control by monarchs with established bureaucracies.

Natural law

Concept that humans have innate rights and should be governed by rational laws.

New monarchies

Early modern states characterized by greater royal control and centralization.

Nobles of the robe

French nobility who gained power through political office.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement allowing German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Queen Isabella

15th-century Queen of Castille who married Ferdinand of Aragon to consolidate power.

Schmalkaldic League

Defensive alliance formed in response to Charles V's demands for Protestants to return to Catholicism.

Star Chamber

English law court created in the late 15th century, increasingly influenced by political power.

Astrolabe

Instrument used to determine location at sea based on the altitude of the sun or a star.

Cartography

The making and studying of maps.

Colbert, Jean Baptiste

French finance minister under Louis XIV who reformed the tax system to strengthen the government.

Colony

Land controlled by a parent country for resource extraction.

Compass

Instrument indicating direction, aiding navigation.

Exports

Goods sold to other nations.

Favorable balance of trade

Exporting more than importing.

Imports

Goods bought from other countries.

Jesuits

Catholic missionaries focused on education and converting non-Catholics.

Lateen sails

Triangular sails developed by Arab sailors for better maneuverability.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant who documented his travels across Asia in the 13th century.

Mercantilism

Economic theory measuring wealth by the accumulation of gold and silver.

Navigation

The science of plotting a ship's course.

Ottoman Empire

Controlled trade routes connecting Asia and Europe.

Portolani

Detailed charts providing accurate information about European ports.

Quadrant

Instrument for determining location at sea based on the altitude of the sun or a star. (smaller than the astrolobe)

Sternpost rudder

Steering device attached to a ship's main beam for improved maneuverability.