agricultural commodities	goods produced on farms for sale; animals, fruit, vegetable, and grain products
absolute sovereignty	rulers of the sovereign state, operating by the doctrine of the divine right of kings, maintain peace by issuing laws and dictating religion, regardless of the people's consent
Act of Supremacy	Nov 1534, law passed by English Parliament making the king of England the head of the Church of England. England no longer Catholic
Bodin, Jean	1530-1596 French philosopher spread the idea of Absolute Sovereignty and divine rule theory. Advocated for patriarchal society and religious tolerance
centralized power	power that is held by a small group or a single individual
Concordat of Bologna	1516 permitted the pope to collect all the income that the Catholic Church made in France. The agreement also increased the power of the French king and gave him more authority over the appointing of French Catholic leaders
conversos	Jews and Muslims forced to convert to Christianity during the Spanish Inquisition of the 15th century
decentralized power	power that is spread among many groups and individuals
Diet of Augsburg	1530 meeting to attempt to settle differences between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire under Charles V. Protestants given a deadline to return to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes	1598 agreement that gave French Huguenots (Calvinists) more rights by not treating them as heretics
Elizabeth I	Reigns in England from 1558-1603, after deaths of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I (Bloody Mary)
gentry	wealthy landowners who did not have inherited titles
Grotius, Hugo	1583-1645 Dutch philosopher Humans are born with certain innate rights, leaders should govern based on rational laws or ethical principles. Laid foundation for international law and diplomacy
Guilds	Merchant groups: wield political power
Henry VIII	King of England who breaks with the pope over his desire for a male heir and the need to divorce Katherine of Aragon to marry a younger woman
Huguenots	French Calvinist Protestants
Inquisition	Used by King Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to "root out heresy" and as a tool to consolidate and centralize power. Targeted wealthy and prosperous Jews and Muslims
King Ferdinand	15th Century king of Spain who began process of unifying and consolidating power in Spain
Mary Tudor	Only child of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon to survive to adulthood. Second to reign (1553-1558) after death of brother. Tries to make England Catholic again. Nicknamed "Bloody Mary" for her persecution of Anglican priests
marranos	Jews or Muslims who were said to have converted to Christianity but secretly continued to practice Judaism in Spain in the 15th centuries before their expulsion in 1492
modern state	second state after emergence of new monarchies. Centralized control by monarchs: establish bureaucracies to run the state
natural law	Humans are born with certain innated rights. Leaders should govern by rational laws or ethical principles based in reason
new monarchies	early modern period. feature greater royal control and centralization
nobles of the robe	members of the nobility in France who gained power by holding political office - carried out duties wearing robes
Peace of Augsburg	1555 agreement to allow German princes in Holy Roman Empire to choose whether their area would be Lutheran or Catholic
Queen Isabella	15th C Queen of Castille, married Ferdinand of Aragon to consolidate power in the Iberian peninsula
Schmalkaldic League	Defensive response to demand by Charles V that Protestants return to Catholicism after the Diet of Augsburg
Star Chamber	English law court created in the late 15th C run by advisors to the monarch and judges. Became increasingly powerful and subject to political influence.
Astrolabe	used to determine location at sea based on the altitude of the sun or a star above the horizon
Cartography	the making and studying of maps
Colbert, Jean Baptiste	1619-1683 French politician who was finance minister under Louis XIV; reformed French tax system to strengthen government
Colony	separate land controlled by a parent country, usually used for enriching the parent country by providing raw materials for production
compass	Chinese instrument to aid in directional location by indicating which way is north
exports	goods sold to other nations
favorable balance of trade	exporting more than is imported
Imports	goods bought from other countries
Jesuits	Catholic religious group working as missionaries around the world. Focused on education, expanding human knowledge. converting non Catholics (indigenous people) to Catholicism
lateen sails	triangular sails developed by Arab sailors. allowed more flexibility for sailing regardless of wind direction
Marco Polo	Venetian merchant who published an account of his travels across Asia in the 13th century
Mercantilism	measurement of wealth by the accumulation of gold and silver by a nation
Navigation	the science of plotting the course of a ship
Ottoman Empire	Had control of trade routes connecting Asia and Europe
portolani	detailed charts that gave ships captains accurate information about location and distance between European ports
Quadrant	used to determine location on the sea based on the altitude of the sun or a star above the horizon (smaller version of astrolabe)
sternpost rudder	steering device attached to the ship's main beam at the rear to make a ship more maneuverable

AP Euro Vocab Quiz 1.5-1.6