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The Black Death
A pandemic in the mid-14th century caused by the Bubonic Plague, which resulted in the deaths of 25%-50% of Europe's population.
Feudalism
A social structure in medieval Europe, characterized by a hierarchy of lords, vassals, and serfs.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 1700s emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.
Anti-Semitism
Prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews.
Pogroms
Violent riots aimed at the massacre or persecution of a particular ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.
Individualism
A social theory that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual and their right to make personal choices.
Secularism
The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements, often through the study of classical texts.
Printing Press
An invention by Johannes Gutenberg that allowed for the mass production of books and increased literacy.
Indulgences
Payments made to the Catholic Church for the remission of sins.
Machiavelli
Political philosopher known for his work 'The Prince,' arguing that the ends justify the means in politics.
Transubstantiation
The Catholic doctrine that bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ during the Eucharist.
Calvinism
A branch of Protestantism that emphasizes predestination and the sovereignty of God in salvation.
Mercantilism
An economic theory that promotes government regulation of a nation's economy to enhance state power.
Absolutism
A form of government where the monarch has absolute power over the state and its subjects.
The Great Schism
A division in the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417, with multiple claimants to the papacy.
Jacquerie
A large peasant revolt in France in 1358, aimed at protesting feudal oppression.
Defenestration of Prague
The act of throwing someone out of a window, which became symbolic of the start of the Thirty Years War.
Cortes and Moctezuma
The encounter between the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II that led to the fall of the Aztec Empire.
Atlantic Slave Trade
A transatlantic trade system that involved the forced transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.
What event marked the beginning of the Black Death in Europe?
The arrival of the Bubonic Plague in Sicily in 1347.
What major societal change occurred as a result of the Black Death?
A significant decrease in population, leading to labor shortages and shifts in economic power.
What was the impact of the Black Death on the Catholic Church?
The Church faced criticism for its inability to protect people from the plague, leading to weakened authority.
What was the Renaissance?
A period of cultural rebirth in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century, emphasizing art, science, and humanism.
What invention helped disseminate Renaissance ideas widely?
The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century.
What was the significance of the Reformation?
It challenged the Catholic Church's practices and led to the establishment of Protestant churches.
What was the Scientific Revolution?
A period in the 16th and 17th centuries marked by significant advancements in scientific thought and methodology.
Who is known as the father of modern science?
Galileo Galilei, for his contributions to observational astronomy and physics.
What did Sir Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
Key principles of physics, including the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?
It fostered a spirit of inquiry and reliance on reason, which became foundational to Enlightenment thinking.
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