Animal behaviour

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what is Altruism

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animal behaviour paert of bio114

53 Terms

1

what is Altruism

co operative behaviour - behaviour thats costs the individual but benefits others

<p>co operative behaviour - behaviour thats costs the individual but benefits others</p>
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2

give an example of Altruism

  • one meercat sounding an alarm for the group

  • vampire bats sharing food with those unsucessful

  • dolphins helping injured pod members to the surface

<ul><li><p>one meercat sounding an alarm for the group </p></li><li><p>vampire bats sharing food with those unsucessful</p></li><li><p>dolphins helping injured pod members to the surface</p></li></ul><p></p>
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3

give an example of a cost of grouping

  • increased competition

  • incresed energetic cost of movement

  • increased disease risk

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4

give an example of the benefits to grouping

  • can be less vigilant but more likley to spot prey/predators

  • less likley to be captured

  • more efficiant in locating prey

  • more efficiant problem solvers

  • enables reduced energy cost of movement

  • defend larger territory

  • mating oppertunities

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5

what are the different foraging strategies

  • generalists

  • specialists

  • hunters

  • ambush predators

  • grazers

  • browsers

  • scavengers

  • filter feeders

  • tool users

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6

what are generalists

feed on a variety of food items and will exploit any food source in their environment. e.g. racoons

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7

what are specialists

feed on specific types of food e.g. panda

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8

what are hunters

predators that will stalk, chase and ambush prey e.g. lion

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9

what are ambush predators

use camoflauge to ambuch prey e.g. crocodile

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10

what are grazers

feed on grasses e.g. cow

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11

what are browsers

feed on branches and leaves e.g. elephant

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12

what are scavengers

feed on dead organic matter

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13

what are filter feeders

passivley collect oragnisms like planton from the water column e.g. wales

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14

what are tool users

use sticks and stones to manipulate food e.g. chimpanzees

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15

what is optimal foraging theory (OFT)

a theory to understand animal foraging

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16

who was the optimal foraging theory developed by

Robert Mac Arthur and Eric Pianka

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17

what is energy maximisation

maximise energy gained per time spent foraging

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18

what is time minimisation

minimise time spent foraging for other activities

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19

what is risk sensitivity

take into account different risks per food source e.g. predation

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20

what are the 3 optimal foraging models

  • marginal value - predicts optimal time to leave a resource patch based on diminishing returns

  • diet choice - predicts optimal diet composition by considering the energy and time handling of prey

  • patch use - predicts how organisms should allocate their time between patches

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21

what is animal behaviour

the way animals physically and socially interact with their environment and surroundings

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22

how is animal behaviour studied

repeatable, definable and recognisable units

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23

what can hormones be stimulated by

  • temperture

  • day length

  • season

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24

what are chemical senses

  • taste

  • smell

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25

what are mechanical senses

  • touch

  • sound

  • pressure

  • vibration

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26

what are electromagnetic senses

  • sight

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27

what is Inate behaviour

developmental changes (not learning)

e.g. frogs learning how to swim and birds flying

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28

what is single stimulus

  • non associative learning

  • no signal/cue

  • one action and response

  • habitualisation

  • sensitisation

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29

what is stimulus-stimulus

  • associative behaviour

  • a warning before the behaviour

  • pavlovian conditioning

  • classical conditoning

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30

what is response reinforce

  • associative behaviour

  • a reward or punishment after action

  • operant learning

  • instrumental learning

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31

how do animals learn from each other

  • social cues (stimulus-stimulus)

  • evolved signals (response reinforce)

  • imitation

  • teaching

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32

what are tinbergerns 4 questions?

  • ontogeny

  • causation

  • eveloution

  • survival value

<ul><li><p>ontogeny </p></li><li><p>causation </p></li><li><p>eveloution </p></li><li><p>survival value </p></li></ul>
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33

what are the three main ways to avoid being eaten

  • defend

  • pretend

  • team up

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34

types of defence (anti-predator behaviour)

  • wepeon

  • signal

    e.g. skunk spray

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35

types of pretend

  • mullerian mimicry

  • batesian mimicry

  • pretence (deceptive behaviour e.g. play dead)

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36

how do animals team up to avoid predators

  • collective defence (loud calls)

  • collective escape

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37

what is the ‘arms race’

ongoing cycle of adaptation between predators and prey

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38

what is proximate

close in space of time (hormones and environmental factors that may predict behaviour)

how

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39

what is ultimate

end of a process (evolution and natural selection)

why

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40

what are the ways you can record behaviour

  • point focal sampling

  • continious focal sampling

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41

what is agression

a defensive posture or attack either through threat or competition

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42

what are the reasons for agression

  • defence

  • courtship/reproduction/parental care

  • recource competition (inter/intraspecific)

  • territorality

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43

how can animals signal agression

  • olfactory (smell)

  • auditory

  • visual

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44

what are the benefits of play

  • improve wellbeing

  • decrease in self destructive behaviours

  • develop physical and phycological skills for unexpected events

  • increase versatility movements

  • forms relationships

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45

costs of play

  • energetic cost

  • danger from predators

  • injury (rarely serious)

play is poorly studied and difficult to observe

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46

what are the types of play

  • object

  • locomotor

  • social

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47

how do storms affect sea birds

  • at the nest - increases nest failure rates

  • at sea - seabird strandings

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48

what is one of the first responses to environmental change

movement

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49

what are the technological developments for tagging and marking

  • ringing

  • marking

  • pit tags

  • VHF

  • ARGOS

  • GPS

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50

what is the definition of movement

a change in the spatial location of the whole individual overtime

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51

what is marginal value

predicts optimal time to leave a resource patch based on diminishing returns

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52

what is diet choice

predicts optimal diet composition by considering the energy content and handling time of prey

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53

what is patch use

predicts how organisms should allocate their time between patches

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