Untitled Flashcards Set

Sensory Memory

Brief retention of information (0.5–4 sec), large capacity, includes iconic and echoic memory.

Short-Term (Working) Memory

Holds about 5-9 items for approximately 30 seconds, uses chunking and rehearsal.

Long-Term Memory

Unlimited storage of information; includes explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) memories.

Method of Loci

A memory strategy linking information to familiar places.

Amnesia

A condition affecting memory; includes retrograde (difficulty recalling past) and anterograde (difficulty forming new memories).

Decay Theory

Forgetting occurs as memories fade from disuse.

Proactive Interference

Old information interferes with the recall of new information.

Mental Set

A tendency to approach problems using a fixed mindset based on past experiences.

Algorithm

A step-by-step problem-solving method that guarantees a solution.

Heuristic

A rule-of-thumb strategy used to simplify problem-solving.

Spearman's g-factor

Theory suggesting a general intelligence underlying all mental abilities.

Cattell's Theory

Distinguishes between fluid intelligence (problem-solving abilities) and crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge).

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a language.

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

Cognitive development stage (0–2 years) characterized by object permanence.

Secure Attachment

Type of attachment where a child is comfortable exploring and seeking comfort from a caregiver.

Authoritative Parenting

Parenting style characterized by high responsiveness and high demands, leading to confident children.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development during infancy, fostering a sense of security.

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences and specific events.

Procedural Memory

Memory of how to perform tasks, such as riding a bike.

Intellectual Disability

Classified by an IQ below 70.

Gifted

Classified by an IQ of 130 or higher.