Crop Production Lab 2

Cell Wall

major component is cellulose, gives strength and rigidity to the cell wall. Other constituents are hemicellose and lignin. Lignin is rigid and adds strength and durability to the cell wall.

Plasma Membrane

membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm, next to the cell wall

Nucleus

control center, controls protein synthesis, stores DNA.

Chromatin

genetic material

Chromosomes

location of genes

Nucelolus

small spherical body where ribosomes are made. 

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Vacuoles

cavity filled with watery fluid called cell sap, involved with water balance, pigment deposition, and storage of various ions and molecules

plastids

protein containing structures capable of synthesizing some of their own proteins.

Chloroplasts

form of plastid, contain chlorophyll. site of photosynthesis.

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration, energy stored as carbs is transformed to ATP

Epidermis

outer protective cell layer on stems and leaves.

cuticle

waxy covering that reduces water loss and protects the tissues

stomata

pores in epidermis that allow CO2 and O2 to enter/exit the cells

transpiration

loss of water through stomata that creates “suction force” for water movement.

Xylem

transports water and minerals, also structural support

Phloem

transports sucrose and other organic compounds

Vascular Bundles

strands of xylem and phloem that are surrounded by bundle sheaths

vascular bundles in a ring

dicot plants

Scattered vascular bundles

monocot plants

Ground tissues

consist of tissues other than epidermal or vascular

Meristems

regions of actively dividing cells in the plant

apical meristems

located at roots and shoots.

axillary meristems

located at nodes, develops buds for branches and flowers (at the axis of a stem and leaf) 

intercalary meristems

found in grasses at the base of the internodes, at the base of the leaf sheath, and at the base of the leaf blade. responsible for growth of the internodes and leaves. 

secondary/lateral meristems

responsible for increases in stem & root diameter

adventitious meristem

can become roots and start new plant. depends on what it is exposed to.

root function

anchorage, absorption, storage, and conduction

dicotyledon root system

taproot

taproot system

has a primary root with branching secondary(lateral) roots

monocot root system

fibrous

fibrous root system

no root is more prominent than the other, main root system develops from adventitious roots from the nodes on stem below or above ground)

stem

upright or horizontal axis that has points of attachment called nodes, function is to conduct water & nutrients, and support for leaves

internodes

space between nodes

tillers

vertical flowering stems of grasses that arise from the basal nodes 

rhizomes

horizontal underground stems

stolons

horizontal above ground stems

tuber

enlarged fleshy underground stem (ex: potato and Jerusalem artichoke)