Study Guide for Early Republic

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Shays’ Rebellion

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42 Terms

1

Shays’ Rebellion

A rebellion led by farmers in 1786-1787 who were angry over debts and the seizure of their farms, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

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2

Articles of Confederation

Original framework for the U.S. government, characterized by a weak national government lacking an executive or judicial branch.

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3

Connecticut (Great) Compromise

Provided for a bicameral legislature with representation in the House based on population and equal representation in the Senate.

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4

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement on how slaves would be counted for representation and taxation purposes, counting each slave as three-fifths of a person.

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5

Electoral College Compromise

Established a system for electing the president, balancing direct popular vote with congressional selection.

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6

Virginia Plan

Proposal for the U.S. government that included a bicameral legislature and emphasized separation of powers.

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7

George Mason

Author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, advocating for natural rights.

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8

James Madison

Father of the Constitution who played a significant role at the Constitutional Convention and authored the Virginia Plan.

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9

George Washington

Presided over the Constitutional Convention and set important precedents as the first U.S. president.

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10

Alexander Hamilton

Proponent of a strong federal government who sought to create a new government rather than amend the Articles of Confederation.

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11

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution who advocated for a strong central government.

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12

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who feared an overly powerful central government and demanded a bill of rights.

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13

Ratification of the Constitution

The Constitution required nine of thirteen states to ratify it, leading to significant debate and opposition.

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14

Marbury v. Madison

Case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

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15

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling affirming the federal government's implied powers over the states.

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16

Gibbons v. Ogden

Case that clarified the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.

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17

Judicial review

The power of the courts to invalidate laws or executive actions deemed unconstitutional.

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18

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, addressing Anti-Federalist concerns about individual liberties.

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19

Virginia Declaration of Rights

Document asserting the rights of citizens and the government's purpose, mainly drafted by George Mason.

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20

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Legislation establishing the separation of church and state and guaranteeing religious freedom.

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21

General organization of the Constitution

Establishes three branches of government with checks and balances, includes the Bill of Rights.

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22

Precedents set by Washington

Included serving two terms, forming a cabinet, and warning against foreign entanglement.

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23

Whiskey Rebellion

Uprising by whiskey farmers against a tax, highlighting federal authority and the use of armed forces.

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24

Jay’s Treaty

Agreement resolving issues with Britain, including trade and debts, controversial in its impact.

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25

Beginning of political parties

Emergence of the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists during Washington's presidency.

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26

Farewell Address

Washington's advice against political party conflicts and foreign alliances.

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27

Quasi War

Undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France, stemming from tensions over treaties.

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28

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic incident where French officials demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, leading to public outrage.

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29

Alien & Sedition Acts

Laws allowing for the jailing and deportation of non-citizens deemed a threat and restricting speech against the government.

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30

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Statements asserting that states could nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional.

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31

Election of 1800

A significant political shift where Thomas Jefferson tied with John Adams, leading to the 12th amendment.

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32

First Barbary War

Conflict against piracy by North African states, marking the U.S. refusal to pay tribute.

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33

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the United States.

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34

Lewis & Clark expedition

Exploratory mission to map and study the new western territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.

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35

War of 1812

Conflict caused by maritime disputes, leading to significant battles and outcomes including increased nationalism.

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36

Era of Good Feelings

Period of national unity and one-party rule during Monroe's presidency.

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37

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Legislation that regulated the extension of slavery in the western territories.

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38

Spanish Florida

Acquisition of Florida from Spain following military actions led by Andrew Jackson.

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39

Monroe Doctrine

Policy opposing European colonization in the Americas, asserting U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere.

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40

Election of 1824

Controversial election leading to the rise of John Quincy Adams despite losing the popular vote.

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41

Second party system

Political realignment resulting in a competition between National Republicans and Democrats.

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42

Election of 1828

Election where Andrew Jackson defeated John Adams, marking a shift in political power.

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