Study Guide for Early Republic
Shays’ Rebellion
Farmers couldn't pay their debts so they were arrested and their farms were taken away. They grew angry and Daniel Shay led a rebellion that escalated into chaos. 1200 farmers marched into Springfield Massachusetts to seize an arsenal. After, 2 farmers died and 20 were wounded. It showed the weakness of the national government under the articles of confederation.
Articles of Confederation (and its weaknesses)
Provided a weak national government, provided for no executive or judicial branch The articles of confederation gave congress no power to tax, regulate commerce among the states, or issue common currency. Gave each state a vote regardless of the state's size.
Constitutional Convention
Connecticut (Great) Compromise
The Connecticut compromise was provided for bicameral legislature, with representation in the house of representatives according to population and the senate by equal number in each state.
Three-Fifths Compromise
The three fifths compromise was an agreement between the northern and southern delegates that determined how slaves would be counted in the U.S.
Electoral College Compromise
The electoral college compromise was a compromise between the direct vote of a president and to vote in congress.
Virginia Plan
The virginia plan was a proposal for the U.S. government, it included things like bicameral legislature, checks and balances, separation of powers, and national government
George Mason
Wrote Virginia Declaration of Rights, wrote that natural rights should not be infringed on
James Madison
Father of the constitution, led the debate, and kept copious notes during the proceedings. He also authored the Virginia Plan and proposed the three separate branches.
George Washington
He presided over the convention, lent his prestige in the proceedings, would not have succeeded without Washington's stature.
Alexander Hamilton
Sought to create a new government rather than fix the existing one
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
The federalists supported the ratification of the constitution, they also believed in a strong central government. The main supporters of the federalists were bankers and businessmen. The anti-federalists opposed the ratification of the constitution, feared an overly powerful central government, additionally they demanded incorporation of the bill of rights. (Federalists wanted big government, anti federalists wanted small government)
Ratification of the Constitution
The constitution would only take place if nine of the thirteen states ratified it. 4 of the states did not ratify the constitution because of anti-federalists. The constitution was written at the Philadelphia convention.
Marbury v. Madison
American Courts figure out they have the power to rule laws unconstitutional.
McCulloch v. Maryland
The Constitution gives the federal government certain implied powers not explicitly enumerated in the constitution. Federal government is supreme over all states
Gibbons v. Ogden
Power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
Judicial review & federalism
Judicial review is the power that the courts have to strike down anything they believe that is unconstitutional. Federalism was the distribution of power between the federal govt and the states. The federal govt has power over the national tasks while the states have power over the local tasks
Bill of Rights
Partially a result of the concerns of the anti-federalists. When drafting the amendments, james madison consulted the VA dec of rights and VA statute of religious freedom
Virginia Declaration of Rights
This document established the rights of the citizens and the purpose of the government, this document was mainly written by George Mason.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
This law established the separation between the church and state. It also guarantees the freedom of conscious and religious beliefs in virginia.
General organization of the Constitution (how did it set up the new government?)
It was set up with three branches of government, each doing specific tasks and being able to check the other branches. The constitution also includes the bill of rights and the amendments.
EARLY PRESIDENTS
1) George Washington
What precedents did Washington set as the first U.S. president?
He set the precedent of only serving two terms as a president even though there was no law against infinite terms. He also made the cabinet of advisors system as president. In his farewell address he also warned against foreign policies and tried to inspire leaders.
Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey farmers attacked tax collectors because of excessive tax Hamilton made tax set precedent for armed forces to support federal authority.
Jay’s Treaty
John Jay agreed to allow the British to seize goods to France if they paid for British interference with American trade, pay old debts and remove forts on US soil. Jefferson liked the french and Hamilton liked the british
Beginning of political parties
Emerging split between two distinct visions for the future of the country included the democratic republicans and federalist party. These came to be while George Washington was in office.
Farewell Address
Geogre washington hoped to inspire future leaders of America against political entanglement with foreign nations.
2) John Adams
Quasi War
France tried to force US to ally, france seized ships, treaties were revoked
XYZ Affair
Angry at US neutrality in the british-french conflict, french had attacked number of american ships, big problem for John Adams Three french officials named X, Y, Z demanded bribe and loan for france
Alien & Sedition Acts
Residence 5→14 years for citizenship alien enemies act declared war/invasion = jailing/deporting citizens of nations prez allowed to deport non us citizens considered dangerous permitted imprisonment and fines for criticism against the U.S.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
States had rights to void any act of congress that they considered unconstitutional violations of 1str amendment.
Election of 1800
A tie against TJ vs John Adams. To avoid this, congress passed 12th amendment
3) Thomas Jefferson
First Barbary War
Between the U.S./ and tripoli (libya) Americans refused to pay tribute towards practical rules US refused to pay ransoms
Louisiana Purchase
TJ sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France to buy New Orleans for 15 milly.
Lewis & Clark expedition
Exploration of new U.S. territory
4) James Madison
War of 1812 (4 causes, 4 major battles, 4 outcomes)
4 causes impressment of sailors, interference of american ships, neutrality in european conflicts, pressure by warhawks for war
4 key battles battle of baltimore, battle of new orleans, battle of lake eerie, battle of bladensburg and burning washing
4 outcomes revealed the need for a strong army, encouraged american nationalism, brought end to the federalist party, and shattered the strength of native americans, paved way for american acquisition of florida.
5) James Monroe
Era of Good Feelings
There was only one political party federalist party died out because opposition was unpopular
Missouri Compromise of 1820
A bill passed and signed by monroe divided north and south to free or non free slave states
Spanish Florida
Andrew Jackson was allowed to attack natives in Florida, he overthrew their governor and executed two citizens. Did not apologize, Monroe said self defense. Spain transferred Florida to the US and the US paid 5 million in damages.
Monroe Doctrine
Stay out of the western hemisphere, ensures that europe did not have influence in the west, US wouldn't interfere with europe affairs or with existing colonies in the west
6) John Quincy Adams
Election of 1824 (candidates, significance, outcome)
John Adams won the election in electoral college but lost the popular vote in 1824, lost to andrew jackson in 1828 who was a democrat republican
Second party system
Political divide between national republicans and democrats. End of the congressional caucus system for nominating candidates, development of new 2 party system
Election of 1828 (candidates, significance, outcome)
John Adams lost to Andrew Jackson in 1828, he was a democrat republican.
Study Guide for Early Republic
Shays’ Rebellion
Farmers couldn't pay their debts so they were arrested and their farms were taken away. They grew angry and Daniel Shay led a rebellion that escalated into chaos. 1200 farmers marched into Springfield Massachusetts to seize an arsenal. After, 2 farmers died and 20 were wounded. It showed the weakness of the national government under the articles of confederation.
Articles of Confederation (and its weaknesses)
Provided a weak national government, provided for no executive or judicial branch The articles of confederation gave congress no power to tax, regulate commerce among the states, or issue common currency. Gave each state a vote regardless of the state's size.
Constitutional Convention
Connecticut (Great) Compromise
The Connecticut compromise was provided for bicameral legislature, with representation in the house of representatives according to population and the senate by equal number in each state.
Three-Fifths Compromise
The three fifths compromise was an agreement between the northern and southern delegates that determined how slaves would be counted in the U.S.
Electoral College Compromise
The electoral college compromise was a compromise between the direct vote of a president and to vote in congress.
Virginia Plan
The virginia plan was a proposal for the U.S. government, it included things like bicameral legislature, checks and balances, separation of powers, and national government
George Mason
Wrote Virginia Declaration of Rights, wrote that natural rights should not be infringed on
James Madison
Father of the constitution, led the debate, and kept copious notes during the proceedings. He also authored the Virginia Plan and proposed the three separate branches.
George Washington
He presided over the convention, lent his prestige in the proceedings, would not have succeeded without Washington's stature.
Alexander Hamilton
Sought to create a new government rather than fix the existing one
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
The federalists supported the ratification of the constitution, they also believed in a strong central government. The main supporters of the federalists were bankers and businessmen. The anti-federalists opposed the ratification of the constitution, feared an overly powerful central government, additionally they demanded incorporation of the bill of rights. (Federalists wanted big government, anti federalists wanted small government)
Ratification of the Constitution
The constitution would only take place if nine of the thirteen states ratified it. 4 of the states did not ratify the constitution because of anti-federalists. The constitution was written at the Philadelphia convention.
Marbury v. Madison
American Courts figure out they have the power to rule laws unconstitutional.
McCulloch v. Maryland
The Constitution gives the federal government certain implied powers not explicitly enumerated in the constitution. Federal government is supreme over all states
Gibbons v. Ogden
Power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
Judicial review & federalism
Judicial review is the power that the courts have to strike down anything they believe that is unconstitutional. Federalism was the distribution of power between the federal govt and the states. The federal govt has power over the national tasks while the states have power over the local tasks
Bill of Rights
Partially a result of the concerns of the anti-federalists. When drafting the amendments, james madison consulted the VA dec of rights and VA statute of religious freedom
Virginia Declaration of Rights
This document established the rights of the citizens and the purpose of the government, this document was mainly written by George Mason.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
This law established the separation between the church and state. It also guarantees the freedom of conscious and religious beliefs in virginia.
General organization of the Constitution (how did it set up the new government?)
It was set up with three branches of government, each doing specific tasks and being able to check the other branches. The constitution also includes the bill of rights and the amendments.
EARLY PRESIDENTS
1) George Washington
What precedents did Washington set as the first U.S. president?
He set the precedent of only serving two terms as a president even though there was no law against infinite terms. He also made the cabinet of advisors system as president. In his farewell address he also warned against foreign policies and tried to inspire leaders.
Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey farmers attacked tax collectors because of excessive tax Hamilton made tax set precedent for armed forces to support federal authority.
Jay’s Treaty
John Jay agreed to allow the British to seize goods to France if they paid for British interference with American trade, pay old debts and remove forts on US soil. Jefferson liked the french and Hamilton liked the british
Beginning of political parties
Emerging split between two distinct visions for the future of the country included the democratic republicans and federalist party. These came to be while George Washington was in office.
Farewell Address
Geogre washington hoped to inspire future leaders of America against political entanglement with foreign nations.
2) John Adams
Quasi War
France tried to force US to ally, france seized ships, treaties were revoked
XYZ Affair
Angry at US neutrality in the british-french conflict, french had attacked number of american ships, big problem for John Adams Three french officials named X, Y, Z demanded bribe and loan for france
Alien & Sedition Acts
Residence 5→14 years for citizenship alien enemies act declared war/invasion = jailing/deporting citizens of nations prez allowed to deport non us citizens considered dangerous permitted imprisonment and fines for criticism against the U.S.
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
States had rights to void any act of congress that they considered unconstitutional violations of 1str amendment.
Election of 1800
A tie against TJ vs John Adams. To avoid this, congress passed 12th amendment
3) Thomas Jefferson
First Barbary War
Between the U.S./ and tripoli (libya) Americans refused to pay tribute towards practical rules US refused to pay ransoms
Louisiana Purchase
TJ sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to France to buy New Orleans for 15 milly.
Lewis & Clark expedition
Exploration of new U.S. territory
4) James Madison
War of 1812 (4 causes, 4 major battles, 4 outcomes)
4 causes impressment of sailors, interference of american ships, neutrality in european conflicts, pressure by warhawks for war
4 key battles battle of baltimore, battle of new orleans, battle of lake eerie, battle of bladensburg and burning washing
4 outcomes revealed the need for a strong army, encouraged american nationalism, brought end to the federalist party, and shattered the strength of native americans, paved way for american acquisition of florida.
5) James Monroe
Era of Good Feelings
There was only one political party federalist party died out because opposition was unpopular
Missouri Compromise of 1820
A bill passed and signed by monroe divided north and south to free or non free slave states
Spanish Florida
Andrew Jackson was allowed to attack natives in Florida, he overthrew their governor and executed two citizens. Did not apologize, Monroe said self defense. Spain transferred Florida to the US and the US paid 5 million in damages.
Monroe Doctrine
Stay out of the western hemisphere, ensures that europe did not have influence in the west, US wouldn't interfere with europe affairs or with existing colonies in the west
6) John Quincy Adams
Election of 1824 (candidates, significance, outcome)
John Adams won the election in electoral college but lost the popular vote in 1824, lost to andrew jackson in 1828 who was a democrat republican
Second party system
Political divide between national republicans and democrats. End of the congressional caucus system for nominating candidates, development of new 2 party system
Election of 1828 (candidates, significance, outcome)
John Adams lost to Andrew Jackson in 1828, he was a democrat republican.
