CH. 3 - Levels of Organization

Cells

Basic units of life

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

simple squamous cells

single layer of flat cells

simple cuboidal cells

square (cube) shape

make up the lining of the urinary tubules and some glands, kidney tubules, thyroid gland

function: secret and absorb products

simple columnar cells

are cylindrical in shape

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

organs

A structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions.

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

midline

An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.

axial

head, neck, trunk

appendicular

Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis

body planes

imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections

sagittal

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

frontal

runs front to back and divides the body into front and back portions

transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

ventral cavity

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis

thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

retroperitoneal space

The space between the abdominal cavity and the posterior abdominal wall, containing the kidneys, certain large vessels, and parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, rectum and internal organs of reproduction

RUQ

right upper quadrant

LUQ

left upper quadrant

RLQ

right lower quadrant

LLQ

left lower quadrant

abdominal regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

horizontal adduction

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

inversion

turning inward

pronation

turning the palm downward

radial deviation

Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side

horizontal abduction

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

eversion

turning outward

medial rotation

inward (medial) movement of a body segment in the transverse plane

flexion

bending a joint

supination

Palm up

ulnar deviation

Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side

extension

Straightening of a joint

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

Levels of Organization

atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, human body/organism

base

the lower or supporting part of any structure

contralateral

the opposite side

deep

further into the body

bilateral

both sides

Epithelial tissue functions

protection, absorption, and secretion.

Where is Pseudostratified columnar tissue found?

Trachea and upper respiratory tract

Pseudostratified columnar tissue function

Secretes mucus and moves mucus

Where is Stratified squamous tissue found?

Lines the mouth, esophagus, and vagina

Stratified squamous tissue function

Protective

Where is Stratified cuboidal tissue found?

Salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands

Stratified cuboidal tissue function

Protective

Where is Stratified columnar tissue found?

Male urethra, some glands

Stratified columnar tissue function

Protects and secretes

Where is transitional epithelial tissue found?

Bladder, urethra, ureters

transitional epithelial tissue function

Expands and stretches

ipsilateral

the same side

Connective tissue

composed of cells that can form tissues that connect and support other body tissues, protect internal organs, store energy, and serve as a transport system.

various types of connective tissue include

cartilage, adipose (fat), bone, and even blood.

Right Hypochondriac

-Liver (right lobe)
- Gallbladder
- Right kidney (upper part)
- Part of small intestine

Epigastric

- Stomach
- Liver (left lobe)
- Pancreas
- Duodenum
- Part of spleen
- Adrenal glands

Left Hypochondriac

-Spleen
- Stomach (fundus)
- Pancreas (tail)
- Left kidney (upper part)
- Part of colon

Right Lumbar (Flank)

- Ascending colon
- Right kidney
- Part of small intestine

Umbilical

- Small intestine (major portion)
- Transverse colon
- Inferior vena cava
- Aorta

Left Lumbar (Flank)

- Descending colon
- Left kidney
- Part of small intestine

Right Iliac (Inguinal)

- Cecum
- Appendix
- Right ovary & fallopian tube (females)
- Small intestine

Hypogastric (Pubic)

- Urinary bladder
- Sigmoid colon
- Reproductive organs (uterus, prostate)
- Small intestine

Left Iliac (Inguinal)

-Initial part of sigmoid colon
- Left ovary & fallopian tube (females)
- Small intestine