Developmental Cont'd

Separation Anxiety

fear of separation from caregiver

Stranger Anxiety

fear of strangers (develop at 8 months)

Imprinting

process by which animals form instinctual attachment during their critical period

Konrad Lorenz

guy who did experiments with imprinting and baby geese

Mary Ainsworth

person who did the “Strange Situation” experiment to see attachment styles

• believes because of Nurture - depends on the relationship previously built with caregiver

Strange Situation

the experiment of how a baby responds when mother leaves and returns and in comparison to strangers - shows attachment styles

Secure Attachment

70% - mild distress when parent leaves, happy when back, prefers caregiver to strangers

• as an adult has trusting relationships

Ambivalent Attachment

15% - intense distress when parent leaves, resistant upon return, fear of strangers

• as an adult are reluctant to relationships and very distressed at breakups

Avoidant Attachment

15% - indifference to parent and stranger

• intimacy problems/ invest little emotion in relationship as adult

Diana Baumrind

person who found that children raised by authoritative parents have higher self esteem and are more self reliant

Authoritative

parenting style; high warmth and high control

Permissive

parenting style; high warmth and low control

Neglecting

parenting style; low warmth and low control

Authoritarian

parenting style; low warmth and high control

Jean Piaget

person who preformed lots of children studies and believed in natures influences, developed stages of cognitive development

cognition

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

4 cognitive stages

developed by piaget, all humans pass through, why children literally see world differently than adults

• children not mini adults

sensorimotor stage

cognitive stage 1; experience the world through sense and movement/ exploring

• birth to 2 years

• stranger anxiety

• lack object permanence

object permanence

the awareness that an object exists even if you cannot see it

• babies lack, why love peak-a-boo

preoperational stage

cognitive stage 2; pretend play a lot and think concretely/ take literally

• 2- 6/7 years

• lots of developmental phenomena

egocentrism

in preoperational; the normal tendency for young child to see everything as how it relates/ revolves around them

• difficult to see other points of view

artificialism

in preoperational; believe that events are caused by people

• ex. the weatherman makes it rain

animism

in preoperational; the belief that objects are alive/ conscious

• really believed toys feelings hurt if don’t play with them

symbolism

in preoperational; the ability to use symbols to represent objects

• red card means you did bad

Theory of Mind

in preoperational; understanding that others might not know what you know

• why UNO game is so fun (I know something you don’t know)

Autism

typically diagnosed in preoperational; a disorder marked by deficient communication or social skills and lack of theory of mind

Principles of Conservation

kids in preoperational DO NOT fully understand; key properties of substances stay the same even if the shape changes

• kid with spread out quarters/ higher water in narrower glass (equal but don’t realize it)

Concrete Operational Stage

cognitive stage 3; can think logically about things, but not quite abstractly (struggle with hypothetical questions), fully understand conservation

• 6/7 years - 12 years

Formal Operational Stage

cognitive stage 4; lots of abstract thought and form a self-concept

• 12 + years (till about 18)

Abstract Thought

thinking in terms of representations or hypothetical propositions (what-ifs?)

Self-Concept

the identity/ personal worth one develops (more positive leads to confidence!)

criticisms of piaget

under simplify, specific to western culture, lack of statistics/ small samples

Adolescence

the transition period between childhood and adulthood (teen years)

• frontal lobe develops

Spot hypocrisy and Inconsistencies

Adolescences can ____________________ in logic and often fight more with parents/ challenge norms

Puberty

the period of sexual maturation because of an increase in hormones

• 11 females

• 13 males

Primary Sex characteristics

for reproduction; ovaries and testes

Secondary sex characteristics

non reproductive traits; breasts, menstruation, hair, lowered voice in men, etc.