patho first part

what is homeostasis

maintains an internal environment such as hypothalamus, co2, oxygen

Pathophysiology

disruption of homeostasis, physiology- function of body and patho means disease

levels of organization

cell—>tissue—>organ—>organ system—>organism

what is a disease

illness which causes the body to not function, physiological dysfunction- part of the body that does not work

Acute versus chronic

acute- short lived and occurs suddenly ex. the flu while chronic is long lived lasts a long time and an example is diabetes

Congenital versus acquired

C- from birth and genetics such as down syndrome while acquired comes after birth from the enviro such as cancer

Tuberculosis

A bacterial infection which occurs usually in lungs and it is caused by bacteria

what is etiology

This is the study of the cause of a disease and is not the same as risk factors. ex sickle cell is caused by genetic factors but we dont know what diabetes is caused by whether its environmental lifestyle factors

idiopathic and latrogenic

idiopathic- a disease with no known cause, ex lupus is autoimmune we do not know why someone got it

latrogenic- a condition which is caused after treatment ex after chemotherapy

Parthenogenesis

process of how a disease develops inside the body, disease evolves from the etiological agent all the way to the outcome. ex when chemicals in cigarette can affect the artery

Morphology

Changes in the shape and structure of body and organs after disease, studies visible and microscopic body parts. ex gross anatomy- can be seen and visible by the naked eye because its large it does not need a microscope

Histology

the study of changes of cells and tissues using a microscope ex from bone tissue

Lesion

abnormal change or damage in the body organ or tissue caused by disease - large lesions are easily seen

sign versus symptom

sign- seen by others while symptoms are sensations that we feel

Manifestation process

etiological agent—> initial injury—> defective organ structure—> defective organ system—> related system effects—>body compensates—>signs of disease

diagnosis

identification of a disease or condition which is proved by physical signs,lab results, and history

prognosis

the outcome of a disease which is based on 1. treatment effectiveness, 2. outcomes in the same case 3.condition of person

primary, secondary and tertiary

primary- is used in community and removed risk, education is used and there is no disease 2. disease symptoms begin early detection and treatment 3. antibiotic use and medications to reduce complications

differentiation

the process where a cell is designed to perform a specific function ex a stem into a muscle cell

growth

increase in amount of cells and size

cell adaptation

cells adapt and go through gene expression, adjust proteins in enviro changes,adaptive cells are still healthy

reversible

when stress is removed and the cell can return to its normal state,adapted cells are reversible but injured are not

Atrophy (type of cell adaptation)

when a cell decreases in size why? lower workload, ischaemia (low blood supply),denervation no nurve input, aging, pressure from tumours as they grow , hormonal changes if cell gets less hormonal stimulation

advantages- energy conservation, less ATP and nutrients

disadvantages= loss of function and there could be permanent damage

ex - leg looks smaller bc of atrophy because there was a cast on it

Hypertrophy

a cell increases in size, cell can do more of its job and there is more ribosomes, mitochondria and can do more of its function

disad- an increased function uses more energy ATP

Hypertension

high blood pressure causing myocardial hypertrophy which is the thickening of a heart muscle (pathologic), physiological is normal ex lack of exercise and pathological is not ex blocked artery

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number , here brain cells cannot divide, ex wound healing, increase in TSH in the thyroid gland, only occurs when the cells divide

Metaplasia

change of cell type, reprograms when a cell experiences stress or injury, happens usually with epithelial cells

dysplasia

abnormal cell growth, irregular cell changes, not a true adaptive process , this can cause cancer, reduced cytoplasm, precursor to cancer

Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen to the cells which is also caused by ishcemia which is low blood flow. low oxygen is anaerobic metabolism which results in low Ph and more acid

Sodium potassium pump is affected where sodium stays inside the cell with water where the cell grows and swells

free radicals and ROS

when a molecule has an unpaired electron which is very reactive results in oxidative stress. ROS is when a free radical is paired with an oxygen and oxidative stress is when ROS cannot neutrilize itself

Injured cells

mitochondria organelles are swollen, ribosomes become injured and displaced outside the cell

apoptosis

programmed cell death which happens one at a time, does not cause inflammation,you cannot see it, quiet clean process. what happens is the cell shrinks- blebbing all cell contents stay inside—> apoptopic bodies- phagocyte cells such as macrophages or neutrophils come to clean up

Necrosis

cell dies and cannot recover from injury, a mass death, cell rupture and cell death due to inflammation, you can see this process, all components end up outside the cell

necrosis types 1. coagulation

liquid turns into a solid because of protein denaturation

most common caused by hypoxia and low oxygen causing low ph which causes lysosomal enzymes to not function= tissue is dead

enzymes are deactivated so tissue looks firm and intact

seen in the heart - in heart attack known as myocardial infarction because of the lack of blood flow enzymes are deactivated and tissue becomes dead

Liquefactive

Turns into soft and liquefies

loss of hydrolytic enzymes which break things down so tissues become soft

forms a cyst, common in brain stroke

caseous

combination of coagulative and liquified

looks like cottage cheese, dead tissue wont come back, dead cells are partially broken down

looks crumbly white to gray color

TB causes this

seen in lungs

Fat necrosis

lipases break down fats into fatty acids

fatty acids bind with positive ions causing white chalky deposits, fatty acids bind with calcium

seen in pancreas

dry gangrene

dry,black and shriveled

has extensive tissue

can lead to amputation

wet gangrene

swollen, moist

occurs when there is an infection
more severe than dry

can lead to sepsis

gas gangrene

gas under skin and its very painful, enters through open trauma