monomer
small sub unit that makes up a polymer
polymer
large complex molecule made up of small sub units
condensation reaction
monomers bond and release a molecule of water
hydrolysis
water used to break a chemical bond
monosaccharide
monomer that makes up a carbohydrate
carbohydrate bond
glycosidic
test for reducing sugars
benedict’s reagent, heat - brick red
test for non-reducing sugars
benedict’s reagent - blue, dilute HCl, heat, neutralise with NaHCO3 - brick red
starch
polysaccharide, alpha glucose, amylose - coiled, amylopectin - branched, 1-4 glycosidic bonds, insoluble, small, good storage molecule, plants
glycogen
polysaccharide, alpha glucose, highly branched, compact, glucose released quickly good for energy release, animals
cellulose
polysaccharide, beta glucose rotated 180, long, unbranched, straight, 1-6 glycosidic bonds, hydrogen bonds between chains, microfibrils - fibres, structural support, plants
test for starch
iodine - blue/black
lipid bond
ester
triglyceride
1 glycerol, 3 fatty acid tails, hydrophobic, insoluble, saturated/unsaturated, storage, release energy, don’t affect water potential
phospholipid
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid tails. 1 phosphate group, hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails, cell membrane
test for lipids
emulsion test - ethanol, shake, water - white milky emulsion
protein
polypeptide chain of amino acids
polypeptide bond
peptide
amino acid
H2NCHRCOOH
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
hydrogen bonds - alpha helix, beta pleated sheet
tertiary structure
hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, dependent on R groups and their positions
quaternary structure
more than one polypeptide chain
test for proteins
biuret test - NaOH, copper(II) sulfate - purple
enzyme
biological catalyst, increases rate of reaction by lowering activation energy
active site
part of the enzyme where the substrate molecules bind to, specific
ESC
enzyme substrate complex formed when substrate fits into enzyme’s active site, lowers Ea by holding molecules close (joining) or putting strain on bonds in substrate (splitting)
lock and key
substrate fits into enzyme perfectly
induced fit
substrate binds, active site changes shape slightly to make it more complimentary
temperature
higher temperature more kinetic energy substrate more likely to collide with active site, optimum temperature, too low not enough energy, too high denatured active site no longer specific
pH
optimum pH specific to enzyme, too low or too high denatures active site
substrate concentration
higher concentration more ESCs higher rate of reaction, however active sites saturated at a certain point so rate plateaus
enzyme concentration
higher concentration more ESCs higher rate of reaction, rate plateaus if substrate limited
competitive inhibitors
similar shape to substrate, bind to active site, prevent ESC
non-competitive inhibitor
bind to surface of enzyme, change tertiary structure and shape of active site, prevents ESC
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, double helix, ATCG, long
RNA
ribonucleic acid, single strand, AUCG, short
nucleotide
DNA & RNA monomer, phosphate, ribose and base, complimentary base pairing
DNA/RNA bond
phosphodiester
DNA replication
semi-conservative - DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between strands, each strand act as a template for complimentary base pairing, DNA polymerase join nucleotides phosphodiester bond, one old one new strand
ATP
adenosine triphosphate - adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups, hydrolysed into ADP and inorganic phosphate releasing a lot of energy
phosphorylation
inorganic phosphate makes compound more reactive
water
metabolite, solvent, hydrogen bonding, cohesive, high latent heat of vaporisation, high specific heat capacity
inorganic ions
specific roles - FE2+ haemoglobin, H+ pH, Na+ cotransport and action potentials, PO43- DNA/RNA/ATP phosphorylation and cell membranes