Ap human vocab and models and thoeries…etc

Absolute Direction

A direction that is fixed and universally recognized such as north

Absolute Distance

The exact physical distance between two locations often measured in units like miles or kilometers.

Absolute Location

The precise point on Earth defined by coordinates such as latitude and longitude.

Acculturation

The process of adopting some cultural traits or social patterns of another group while retaining distinct cultural identity.

Assimilation

The process through which individuals or groups fully adopt the culture of another group, often losing their original culture.

Cartogram

A type of map that distorts geographic size to represent data, like population or economic factors.

Cartography

The science and art of creating maps.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses shading or color to represent data values across geographic regions.

Clustering

When people, objects, or data points are closely grouped together in a particular space.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread spread of a feature, idea, or trend through a population, like a contagious disease.

Culture

The shared beliefs, customs, practices, and material traits of a group of people.

Cultural Ecology

The study of how humans interact with and adapt to their environment.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the natural landscape, including buildings, agriculture, and infrastructure.

Density

The number of people, objects, or events within a specific area.

Diffusion

The process by which ideas, traits, or innovations spread across space.

Dispersal

When people or objects are spread out over a geographic area.

Distance Decay

The principle that interaction decreases as the distance between places increases.

Distribution

The arrangement of features, people, or objects in a given space.

Dot Distribution Map

A map that uses dots to represent the frequency or concentration of a feature, such as population.

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Environmental Determinism

The theory that human behavior and culture are shaped by the physical environment.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of an idea, trait, or innovation outward from its origin in a way that grows stronger over time.

Formal/Uniform Region

A geographic area defined by uniform characteristics, such as language, climate, or political boundaries.

Functional/Nodal Region

A region organized around a central point or node, like a metropolitan area or trade network.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A computer system that collects, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A satellite-based navigation system that provides exact location coordinates.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries through trade, communication, and culture.

Graduated Symbol Map

A map that uses symbols of different sizes to represent data values.

Hearth

The place of origin of an idea, innovation, or culture.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea or trend from a person or place of authority to others.

Isoline Map

A map that uses lines to connect points of equal value, like elevation or temperature.

Latitude

Imaginary horizontal lines that measure distance north or south of the equator.

Location

The position of a place on Earth’s surface.

Longitude

Imaginary vertical lines that measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Map Scale

The relationship between distances on a map and actual distances on Earth.

Mental Map

An individual’s perception of a place or area based on experience and knowledge.

Meridian

A line of longitude running from the North Pole to the South Pole.

Parallel

A line of latitude running parallel to the equator.

Pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of objects in space.

Place

A specific point on Earth with unique human and physical characteristics.

Possibilism

The theory that humans have the ability to adjust and adapt to the environment rather than being controlled by it.

Projection

The method of transferring Earth’s curved surface onto a flat map.

Reference Map

A map that shows geographic features like cities, rivers, and borders.

Relative Direction

A direction based on a person’s perception, such as “left,” “right,” or “near.”

Relative Distance

The measure of distance that includes time, cost, or effort rather than exact physical units.

Relative Location

The position of a place relative to other locations.

Region

An area defined by unique characteristics that set it apart from other areas.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of an idea, trait, or innovation through the physical movement of people.

Remote Sensing

The use of satellites or other tools to collect data about Earth’s surface.

Scale

The relationship between a part of the Earth and the whole, often shown as a ratio on a map.

Scale of Analysis

The level at which geographic data is studied, such as local, regional, or global.

Site

The physical characteristics of a location, such as climate or topography.

Situation

The location of a place relative to other places or features.

Space-Time Compression

The reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place due to advancements in technology and communication.

Spatial Perspective

Analyzing phenomena by understanding their arrangement and interaction across space.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an idea where the original idea is modified or adapted to suit new conditions.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future.

Syncretism

The blending of elements from different cultures to create something new.

Thematic Map

A map focused on a specific theme or subject, like population or climate.

Vernacular/Perceptual Region

A region based on people’s perception or cultural identity, like “the South” or “Silicon Valley.”

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land.

Antinatalist policy

A population policy aimed at reducing birth rates through family planning, contraception, or other measures.

Arable land

Land that is suitable for growing crops.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain based on available resources.

Census

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording details such as age, sex, and occupation.

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

The number of deaths of children under the age of five per 1,000 live births in a year.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population.

Demographic transition

The process of change in a society’s population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Demography

The study of populations, including their size, structure, distribution, and changes over time.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of people in the dependent age groups (under 15 and over 65) to those in the working-age group.

Doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size at its current growth rate.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth’s surface that is permanently settled by humans.

Elderly support ratio

The number of working-age people (15–64) divided by the number of people aged 65 and older.

Endemic

A disease or condition regularly found in a particular area or population.

Epidemic

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population.

Epidemiologic transition

The shift in disease patterns where infectious diseases decline, and chronic diseases become more common.

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations.

Eugenic policy

A policy aimed at improving the genetic quality of a population, often through discriminatory means.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth that began in the late 18th century, leading to major changes in society and the economy.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a year.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates.

Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of women who die during pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births.

Medical revolution

The diffusion of medical technology from developed countries to developing countries, improving health and life expectancy.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate.

Negative population growth

When the number of deaths exceeds the number of births in a population.

Overpopulation

When a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment.

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that spreads over a large geographic area and affects a large proportion of the population.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of arable land.

Population pyramid

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population.

Pronatalist policy

A population policy aimed at encouraging higher birth rates.

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Sustainability

The ability to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her childbearing years.

36. Zero population growth

When the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in no population growth.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Chain Migration

Occurs when individuals from within a community follow the path of a previous group or individual within the community and emigrate to a new region.

Voluntary Migration

When individuals choose to move from one place to another out of their own free will and desire.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.