Key Concepts in Language Formality, Graphs, Logical Fallacies, and Persuasion

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts discussed in the lecture related to language formality, graph structures, logical fallacies, and persuasive techniques.

Language Formality

The level of formality in language, which can be classified into categories such as informal, semi-formal, and formal.

Graph Components

Basic parts of a graph including Title, Source, X-Axis, Y-Axis, Data, and Legend.

Scatter Plots

Graphs that display individual data points on x- and y-axes to show relationships, patterns, or correlations.

Line Graphs

Graphs that connect points with lines, typically used to display trends over time.

Box-and-Whisker Plots

Graphs that display median, quartiles, range, and outliers, used for comparing data distributions.

Pie Graphs

Graphs that show parts of a whole, presented as proportional slices of a circle.

Logical Fallacies

Arguments that appear valid but are logically invalid upon closer examination.

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Attacking a person instead of their argument, often to delegitimize the opponent.

Tu Quoque Fallacy

Accusing someone of hypocrisy in response to their argument, diminishing the validity of their point.

Slippery Slope

Assuming that a minor action will lead to significant and undesirable consequences.

False Dichotomy

Presenting only two options when more exist, creating a false dilemma.

Circular Reasoning

An argument that supports itself by stating the conclusion as a premise.

Anecdotal Fallacy

Using personal experiences instead of factual evidence to support an argument.

Red Herring Fallacy

Introducing irrelevant information to divert attention from the main topic.

Straw Man Fallacy

Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

Persuasion Techniques

Methods used to influence others' beliefs or actions, including ideational and interpersonal persuasion.

Appeal to Authority

Using the opinion of a higher authority to strengthen an argument.

Comparison and Contrast

Evaluating differences and similarities to persuade the audience of one option's superiority.

Problem-Solution Model

Presenting a problem followed by a proposed solution to persuade the audience.

Hypothesis-Evidence-Explanation Model

Introducing a hypothesis supported by evidence and explanations.

Academic Writing

A formal style of writing that avoids personal pronouns and uses precise language.

Direct Plagiarism

Copying text word-for-word without proper citation.

Neologisms

The creation of new words to convey meanings in current discourse.

Propaganda

Persuasive discourse that often involves exaggerated claims to influence public opinion.

Rhetorical Questions

Questions intended to provoke thought rather than elicit a response.

Figurative Expressions

Uses of language that convey ideas through metaphorical imagery besides literal interpretation.

Vertical Bar Graphs (Column Graphs)

Characteristics: Vertical bars representing categories. Uses: Compare quantities across different categories.

Stacked Column Graphs:

Characteristics: Vertical bars divided into segments.
Uses: Show both total values and how individual parts contribute to the whole.

Histograms:

Characteristics: Bars touch; data grouped into intervals (bins).

Uses: Display the frequency distribution of continuous numerical data.

Clustered Bar Graphs:

Characteristics: Groups of bars placed side by side for each category. Uses: Compare multiple related data sets across the same categories.

Horizontal Bar Graphs:

Characteristics: Bars run horizontally.

Uses: Compare categories, especially when labels are long or numerous.