ch4 identifications

French and Indian War (1754–1763)

Conflict between Britain and France in North America that ended French colonial power and left Britain in massive debt.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended the French and Indian War; Britain gained Canada and land east of the Mississippi River.

Proclamation of 1763

Banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to limit conflict with Native Americans.

Sugar Act (1764)

Tax on sugar and molasses that strengthened enforcement of trade laws and upset colonial merchants.

Stamp Act (1765)

Direct tax on printed materials like newspapers and legal documents, sparking major protests.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Repealed the Stamp Act but asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and legislate for the colonies.

Townshend Duties (1767)

Taxes on items like glass, paper, paint, and tea; led to boycotts and rising tension.

Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers killed five colonists in a confrontation, fueling anti-British sentiment.

Tea Act (1773)

Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on colonial tea sales, angering merchants.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonists protested the Tea Act by dumping British tea into Boston Harbor.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Delegates from nine colonies met to oppose the Stamp Act and assert colonial rights.

Sons of Liberty

Patriot group that organized protests, boycotts, and resistance to British taxation.

Committees of Correspondence

Colonial networks used to spread information and coordinate resistance efforts.

Nonimportation Agreements

Colonial boycotts against British goods meant to pressure Parliament to repeal taxes.

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Benjamin Franklin’s proposal for a joint colonial government; rejected but showed early unity efforts.

First Continental Congress

Early gathering of colonial representatives to respond to rising British policies (developed from earlier tensions).

George Grenville

British prime minister who introduced the Sugar Act and Stamp Act to reduce debt.

Charles Townshend

British official who created the Townshend Duties.

Lord North

British prime minister who tried to control the colonies after the Townshend Acts and Tea Act.

Samuel Adams

Leading patriot who helped organize resistance and Committees of Correspondence.

Patrick Henry

Virginia leader known for bold speeches against British taxation and tyranny.

Benjamin Franklin

Colonial leader who proposed the Albany Plan and later represented colonial interests in Britain.

“Taxation without Representation”

Colonial belief that Parliament had no right to tax them without elected representatives.

Virtual Representation

British argument that Parliament represented all subjects, even without colonial delegates.

Salutary Neglect (end of)

Period when Britain loosely enforced laws in the colonies; ended after the French and Indian War.