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epicardium
superficial layer covering the heart
myocardium
muscle of the heart (middle layer)
endocardium
deep layer covering the heart
major arteries
aorta
pulmonary trunk
major veins
pulmonary veins
superior and inferior vena cava
right AV valve
tricuspid valve
left AV valve
bicuspid valve (midtrol valve)
if pressure greater in ventricle…
valve closes
is pressure greater in atrium…
valve opens
semilunar valves
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
function of valves
to prevent back flow
right coronary sinus
supplies blood to right ventricle, right atrium, SA node and SA node
left coronary sinus
supplies blood to the left side of the heart
coronary sinus
collects deoxygenated blood and drains into right atrium
coronary sinus branches
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
SA node
causes the atriums to contract
Pacemaker
SA node
AV node
delays contraction of the atrium then the ventricle follows
bundle of his
impulse that travels through the heart
left bundle branch
conducts the impulse to the left ventricle
right bundle branch
conducts the impulse to the right ventricle
purkinje fibers
allows the heart conduction system to create synchronized contractions of its ventricles
atrial systole
atrium contracts pushing blood to ventricle
ventricle systole
AV valve closes and concludes with closure of the aortic valve or pulmonary valve
diastole
heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
P wave
contraction of the atrium
QRS
contraction of the ventricle
T wave
relaxation of ventricle
between P wave and QRS
relaxation of atrium
arteries
takes blood from the heart
elastic arteries
contain much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries
closest to the heart
expand during systole
recoil during disatole
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
contain more smooth muscle cells in the tunica media
brachial, radial, and femoral artery
arterioles
small branch of an artery leading to a capillary
arteriosclerosis
build up of cholesterol in walls of arteries
veins
returns blood to the heart
venules
a very small vein
venous veins
helps veins return blood to the heart
varicose veins
due to incompetent valves
tunica intima
endotheial cells
loose connective tissue
tunica media
smooth muscle
elastic and connective tissue
tunica externa
loose connective tissue
vasa vasorum
vasa vasorum
small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins
capillaries
connects arteries and veins
site where gasses, nutrients, and waste are exchanged between blood and tissue
superficial veins
close to your body surface and often visible to the naked eye
cephalic, basilic, and medial veins
continuous capillary
majority of capillaries (fluid exchange)
fenestrated capillary
kidney (net flow of plasma to interstitial)
sinusoid capillary
red blood cell runs through spleen and liver (fluid)
hepatic portal circulation
the venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and the spleen and the liver
1 capillary bed
stomach and intestine
2 capillary
liver
systemic arteries
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
aorta
largest artery in the body
pulmonary circulation
moves blood between the heart and the lungs
pulmonary circuit vessels
right and left pulmonary arteries
right and left pulmonary veins
systemic circuit vessels
coronary arteries
carotid arteries
renal arteries
illiac arteries
umbilical vein
carry oxygenated blood
umbilical cord
carry deoxygenated blood
foramen ovale
becomes fossa ovalis
ligamentum arteriousum
what is left of the ductus arteriosus
prosencephalon
forebrain
mesencephalon
midbrain
rhombencephalon
hindbrain
hindbrain
lower part of the brainstem
telencephalon
cerebrum
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
mesencephalon
stays the same
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
cerebral cortex
gray mater
gray mater
contains cell body and nucleus
lateral ventricles
2 ventricles (1 on each side) in cerebrum
3rd ventricle
in between thalamus and hypothalamus
4th ventricle
behind pons
dura mater
outer layer of protection
arachnoid
middle layer of protection
pia mater
inner layer of protection
choroid plexus
network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain delivered from the pia mater and produces CSF fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
supply oxygen and nutrients to the nerve cells and remove waste, cushion for protection
CSF fluid flow
lateral ventricle → 3rd ventricle → aqueduct → 4th ventricle → arachnoid granulation → sinus → jugular veins
arachnoid granulation
pockets of arachnoid membrane and subarachnoid space which connects CSF fluid to the venous circulation
frontal lobe
voluntary movement, expressive movement, and managing higher level of execute functions
parietal lobe
sensation
temporal lobe
auditory cortex (hearing) and olfactory cortex (smell)
occipital lobe
controls vision (vision cortex)
motor
frontal lobe
frontal lobes
sends impulses to stimuli
anterior parietal lobe
deals with senses (hearing + sight) + sensory
association
lobes; interprets different things happening
association fibers
connects different parts of the same hemispheres
commissural fibers
allows communication between cerebral hemispheres
corpus callousum
the longest commissure
projection fibers
connects cortex and subcortical nuclei
interconnect the centers of the two hemispheres and connect cortical areas of the same hemispheres
if basal ganglia damaged…
causes huntingtons disease
basal ganglia
cooperate with cerebral cortex in controlling movements
thalamus function
sensory relay center between brainstem and cortex
hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland to control hormones
ANS, feeding and drinking, sexual behavior, temperature, sleep-wake cycles, and memory
epithalamus
to connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain
tectum
controls eye movement, approach and avoidance movements
red nucleus
muscle tone and limb postion
substantia nigra
as pigment increases chances of parkinson’s disease increases
Note
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