Population and Migration Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to population and migration studies.

Replacement level

The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Age-sex structures

The distribution of various age groups in a population, typically shown using population pyramids.

Natural increase rate

The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths in a population.

Doubling time (Rule of 70)

The time it takes for a population to double in size, calculated by dividing 70 by the growth rate.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of non-working age individuals (young and elderly) to those of working age.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals that an environment can sustainably support.

Demographic momentum

The tendency for a population to continue to grow after fertility rates have declined.

Infant & child mortality rate

The number of infant or child deaths (usually under five years of age) per 1,000 live births.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live, based on current mortality rates.

Epidemiologic (mortality) transition model

A model that describes changes in population mortality and disease patterns as a country progresses through development.

Anti & pronatalist policies

Government policies that either discourage or encourage population growth.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Chain migration

The migration process in which individuals migrate and subsequently bring their family and friends.

Push factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their homes, such as conflict or economic hardship.

Pull factors

Positive attributes of a destination that attract people to migrate, such as job opportunities.

Gravity model

A model that predicts the interaction between two places based on their population size and distance.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

Urbanization

The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, often resulting from rural-to-urban migration.

Brain drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified people from a particular country.