memory

Who developed CBT and why?

Developed by Aaron T as a treatment for depression.

What does CBT help with?

Managing and changing negative thoughts and behaviors.

Schema

Mental structure that helps organize and interpret information.

Working memory?

Active desktop where your brain processes information, making sense of new input.

What is memory?

The brain's way of storing and recalling information.

Types of memory storage

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory memory

Brief and temporary storage system that holds sensory information from our environment for a very short period of time.

Short term memory

Temporary storage and retrieval of information in the brain. It has a limited capacity and lasts for a short duration, typically a few seconds to a minute.

Long term memory

The part of our memory system that stores information for an extended period, allowing us to recall past experiences, knowledge, and skills.

What is the information processing model?

Framework that explains how our brains process and store information. It consists of three stages: Sensory register, short-term, long term.

What is encoding?

Converting information from one format into another.Such as storage, transmission, or interpretation.

What are the types of encoding?

Semantic and Visual.

Semantic encoding

Encoding based on the meaning of the information.

Acoustic encoding

Information is encoded or stored in memory based on its sound or auditory characteristics.

Visual encoding

Encoding based on the visual characteristics of the information.

Storage

Maintaining the encoded information.

Retrieval?

Recovering information.

Implicit memory

Type of long-term memory that involves the unconscious or automatic recall of information, skills, or habits without conscious effort.

Explicit memory

Involves the conscious and intentional recall of facts, events, or experiences. It can be further divided into semantic and episodic memory.

Prospective memory

The ability to remember to perform intended actions or tasks in the future, at a specific time or in response to particular cues.

Procedural memory

The memory for skills and habits, like riding a bike or playing an instrument.

Declarative memory

The memory for facts and events, such as names, dates, and historical events.

Prospective memory

The ability to remember and execute planned actions in the future, like remembering to take medication or attend a meeting.

Retrospective memory

Memory for past events, facts, and experiences, such as recalling what you did yesterday or your childhood memories.

Flashbulb memories

Vivid, highly detailed recollections of emotionally significant events, often formed during moments of surprise, shock, or intense emotion.

Retrieval cues

Hints, reminders, or triggers that help you recall information stored in your memory. They can be words, sounds, smells, or any sensory or contextual cues associated with a particular memory.

Mood congruent memory

Phenomenon where we tend to remember information that is consistent with our current emotional state.

Cerebellum

Region in the brain located at the back of the skull, below the cerebral cortex. It plays a crucial role in motor coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.

Hippocampus

Small, seahorse-shaped structure located in the brain's temporal lobe. It is primarily associated with the formation and consolidation of new memories, particularly those related to facts and events.

Amygdala

Small, almond-shaped cluster of nuclei located deep within the brain's temporal lobe. It is primarily responsible for processing and regulating emotions, especially those related to fear and threat.

Prefrontal Cortex

Frontmost part of the brain's frontal lobe. It is involved in a wide range of higher cognitive functions, including decision-making, problem-solving, planning, reasoning, and personality expression.

Retrograde

Ability to recall past memories, typically events or information that occurred before a specific point in time.

Anterograde

Ability to form and retain new memories after a specific point in time. It involves the capacity to learn, remember, and recall information and events that occur after a particular incident or period.

Retroactive

Phenomenon in memory where newly acquired information disrupts the recall of previously learned information.

Proactive

Phenomenon in which previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn and remember new information.

Herman Ebbinghaus

German psychologist known for his research in memory and learning.Pioneered studies on the forgetting curve and the spacing effect.

Parallel Processing

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously.

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level based on structure and appearance of words.

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words.

Iconic memory

Very brief, visual sensory memory that lasts only a fraction of a second and captures the immediate visual input from the environment.

Echoic memory

Brief, auditory sensory memory that briefly retains sounds or auditory information for a few seconds.

Chunking

Organizing information into meaningful units.

Mnemonics

Memory strategies that help people remember information more effectively by using patterns, associations, or easy-to-recall cues.

Spacing effect

Tendency for distributed study.

Positive Transfer

What you've learned in one situation helps you in another, making learning or performing a new task easier.

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to remember the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) items in a list, often forgetting those in the middle.

Repeating your friend's address in your head until you arrive at their house.

Maintenance rehearsal

Elizabeth Loftus

Known for her research on the flexibility and unreliability of human memory, particularly in legal contexts.

Infantile amnesia

phenomenon where adults have very few, if any, memories of their early childhood, typically before the age of three.

As an adult, you try to remember events from when you were only one year old. Despite your efforts, you struggle to recall any specific memories from that time.

Example of infantile amnesia.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

The process where brain cells strengthen their connections, helping with memory and learning.

Recall

Ability to retrieve and bring back stored information from memory.

Recognition

Ability to identify or acknowledge something as familiar when you encounter it again.

Relearning

Process of learning something again, often faster than the first time, because you've previously learned it.

Overlearning

When an individual continues to practice or study a skill or information beyond the point of initial mastery.

Priming

Exposure to one stimulus influences a person's response to a subsequent, related stimulus.

Context dependent memory

Remembering something is influenced by the surroundings or environment in which you initially learned or experienced it.

Multi store memory model

Explains memory as having three parts: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory (STM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Long-term memory model

Categorizes memory into explicit (facts, events), implicit (skills, habits), episodic (personal experiences), and semantic (general knowledge) memories.

Riding a bicycle without consciously recalling how you learned it or when you first rode one.

Example of Implicit memory

Recalling specific facts like your friend's phone number or your favorite book's title.

Example of explicit memory

Remembering to attend a scheduled meeting at 3:00 PM or take medication at a certain time every day.

Example of Prospective memory

After a car accident, a person can't remember events from the week leading up to the accident, such as where they went or who they met.

Example of Retrograde amnesia

An individual who suffered a head injury can't remember what they ate for breakfast today or any new information they learned since the accident.

Example of Anterograde amnesia

If you study for an exam in a quiet library and later take the test in the same library, you might find it easier to remember the material because the environment is familiar.

Example of Context Dependent Memory