Lab Text #3 Review

Principal Organs of the respiratory system

1. nose

2. pharynx

3. larynx

4. trachea

5. bronchi

6. lungs

carina

location : Trachea

• is a ridge of cartilage at the base of the trachea separating the openings of the left and right main bronchi

Tracheal cartilage

plays an important role in maintaining the mechanical stability of the trachea, as it keeps the trachea open and prevents its collapse under the negative pressures of the respiratory cycle.

Trachealis

muscle is a sheet of smooth muscle in the trachea

• posterior

1st three cartilages of the larynx (large)

1. Epiglottic

2. Thyroid

3. Cricoid

Three smaller, paired cartilages

4. Arytenoid

5. Corniculate

6. Cuneiform

Epiglottic cartilage

• spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis  most superior one

Thyroid cartilage

• largest,  laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) shield-shaped

• Testosterone stimulated growth, larger in males

Cricoid cartilage

• connects larynx to trachea, ringlike

Arytenoid cartilages

posterior to thyroid cartilage

Corniculate cartilages

attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns

Cuneiform cartilages

support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis

Trachea

a rigid tube about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter

• anterior to esophagus

• supported by 16 to 20 C - shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Bronchial tree

• a branching system of air tubes in each lung

• all lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Main (primary) bronchi

supported by c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Right main bronchus

• 2-3 cm branch arising from fork of trachea

  • Right bronchus slightly wider and more vertical than left

  • Aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge right bronchus more often the left

Left main bronchus

• is about 5 cm long

• Slightly narrower and more horizontal than the right

Lobar (secondary) bronchi

• supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates

Three rt. lobar (secondary) bronchi

• superior, middle, and inferior

  • One to each lobe of the right lung

Two left lobar bronchi

• superior and inferior

  • One to each lobe of the left lung

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

• supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates

  • 10 on right, and 8 on left

  • Found within the lobes of the lungs. Channel air to the brochioles

Lungs

• conical organ with a broad, concave base, resting on the diaphragm, and a blunt peak called the apex projecting slightly above the clavicle

Costal surface

pressed against the ribcage

Mediastinal surface

faces radially toward heart

Hilum

• slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

Right lung

shorter than left because the liver rises higher on the right

Left lung

• Taller and narrower because the heart tilts toward the left and occupies more    space on this side of mediastinum

• Has indentation – cardiac impression

Alveoli

functional unit of respiratory system

Tidal Volume

500ml

• volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing

Inspiratory reserve volume

3000ml

• air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

expiratory reserve volume

1200ml

• air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

Residual volume

1300ml

• air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

Urinary system

principal means of waste removal from the blood

Kidney functions

• Regulate blood volume and pressure, blood gases, blood pH, and electrolyte and acid base balance

The urinary system is closely associated with what system ?

reproductive system

Male urethra serves as a common passage way for ?

Urine & sperm

Urologist

treat both and urinary and reproductive disorders

Urinary system consist of what 6 organs?

• 2 kidneys

• 2 ureters

• 1 urinary bladder

• 1 urethra

2 zones of the kidney

• Outer renal cortex

• Inner renal medulla

Renal columns

• extensions of the cortex that project inward toward sinus

Renal pyramids

• 6 to 10 with broad base facing cortex and renal papilla facing sinus

minor calyx

• cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid

  • Collects its urine

major calyx

• formed by convergence of two or three minor calyces

renal pelvis

• formed by convergence of two or three major calyces

Ureter

• a tubular continuation of the pelvis and drains the urine down to  the  urinary bladder

Nephron

functional unit of kidney

Types of nephrons

1. cortical

2. juxtamedullary

Cortical nephrons

• 85% of all nephrons

• Short nephron loops

• Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT

Juxtamedullary nephrons

• 15% of all nephrons 

• Very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla  and helps conserve water

• Efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop

what kind of tissue is found in the PCT and DCT?

simple cubodial

PCT - proximal convoluted tubule

• arises from glomerular capsule

  • Longest and most coiled region

  • Simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent microvilli for majority of absorption

Nephron Loop - look of Henle

• long U-shaped portion of renal tubule

• Thick segments have simple cuboidal epithelium

Collecting duct

• receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the medulla

podocytes

responsible for filtering plasma

Internal urethral sphincter

• involuntary

external urethral sphincter

voluntary

Urinalysis

test of urine samples

Increase in specific gravity

• dehydration , diarrhea , sweating

decrease in specific gravity

• renal failure , intestinal malfunctions, kidney malfunction

normal values : specific gravity

• Measurement of the total amount of dissolved substance in the urine. (Concentration of urine or ratio of water to toxins or metabolic wastes)

1.003 - 1.040 (water 1.000)

PH

pH (potential of Hydrogen or Power of Hydrogen or Potenz of Hydrogen
Overall assessment of renal and metabolic

• NORMAL VALUES: 5-9 (Neutral is 7)

Hematuria

blood in the urine

• indicates tissue damage , disease or infection

bilirubin

• found in bile. Produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells.  Usually removed through stool.

Positive bilirubinuria can cause

• Hemolytic anemia

• Liver damage

• Cystic or Bile duct damage or blockage (if bilirubin is not found in stool)

ketonuria

ketones found in the urine

• indicates excessive fat breakdown and ketones are accumulating in the body

Causes of ketones / ketonuria

• Low food intake

• Low pH

• Carbohydrate restrictive diets

• Starvation

• Intense exercise

• Diabetes (Type I - Untreated)  - Low insulin levels