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Principal Organs of the respiratory system
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
carina
location : Trachea
is a ridge of cartilage at the base of the trachea separating the openings of the left and right main bronchi
Tracheal cartilage
plays an important role in maintaining the mechanical stability of the trachea, as it keeps the trachea open and prevents its collapse under the negative pressures of the respiratory cycle.
Trachealis
muscle is a sheet of smooth muscle in the trachea
posterior
1st three cartilages of the larynx (large)
Epiglottic
Thyroid
Cricoid
Three smaller, paired cartilages
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Epiglottic cartilage
spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis most superior one
Thyroid cartilage
largest, laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) shield-shaped
Testosterone stimulated growth, larger in males
Cricoid cartilage
connects larynx to trachea, ringlike
Arytenoid cartilages
posterior to thyroid cartilage
Corniculate cartilages
attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns
Cuneiform cartilages
support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis
Trachea
a rigid tube about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter
anterior to esophagus
supported by 16 to 20 C - shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tree
a branching system of air tubes in each lung
all lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Main (primary) bronchi
supported by c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Right main bronchus
2-3 cm branch arising from fork of trachea
Right bronchus slightly wider and more vertical than left
Aspirated (inhaled) foreign objects lodge right bronchus more often the left
Left main bronchus
is about 5 cm long
Slightly narrower and more horizontal than the right
Lobar (secondary) bronchi
supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates
Three rt. lobar (secondary) bronchi
superior, middle, and inferior
One to each lobe of the right lung
Two left lobar bronchi
superior and inferior
One to each lobe of the left lung
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
supported by crescent shaped cartilage plates
10 on right, and 8 on left
Found within the lobes of the lungs. Channel air to the brochioles
Lungs
conical organ with a broad, concave base, resting on the diaphragm, and a blunt peak called the apex projecting slightly above the clavicle
Costal surface
pressed against the ribcage
Mediastinal surface
faces radially toward heart
Hilum
slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
Right lung
shorter than left because the liver rises higher on the right
Left lung
Taller and narrower because the heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side of mediastinum
Has indentation – cardiac impression
Alveoli
functional unit of respiratory system
Tidal Volume
500ml
volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume
3000ml
air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort
expiratory reserve volume
1200ml
air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort
Residual volume
1300ml
air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
Urinary system
principal means of waste removal from the blood
Kidney functions
Regulate blood volume and pressure, blood gases, blood pH, and electrolyte and acid base balance
The urinary system is closely associated with what system ?
reproductive system
Male urethra serves as a common passage way for ?
Urine & sperm
Urologist
treat both and urinary and reproductive disorders
Urinary system consist of what 6 organs?
2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra
2 zones of the kidney
Outer renal cortex
Inner renal medulla
Renal columns
extensions of the cortex that project inward toward sinus
Renal pyramids
6 to 10 with broad base facing cortex and renal papilla facing sinus
minor calyx
cup that nestles the papilla of each pyramid
Collects its urine
major calyx
formed by convergence of two or three minor calyces
renal pelvis
formed by convergence of two or three major calyces
Ureter
a tubular continuation of the pelvis and drains the urine down to the urinary bladder
Nephron
functional unit of kidney
Types of nephrons
cortical
juxtamedullary
Cortical nephrons
85% of all nephrons
Short nephron loops
Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT
Juxtamedullary nephrons
15% of all nephrons
Very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and helps conserve water
Efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop
what kind of tissue is found in the PCT and DCT?
simple cubodial
PCT - proximal convoluted tubule
arises from glomerular capsule
Longest and most coiled region
Simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent microvilli for majority of absorption
Nephron Loop - look of Henle
long U-shaped portion of renal tubule
Thick segments have simple cuboidal epithelium
Collecting duct
receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the medulla
podocytes
responsible for filtering plasma
Internal urethral sphincter
involuntary
external urethral sphincter
voluntary
Urinalysis
test of urine samples
Increase in specific gravity
dehydration , diarrhea , sweating
decrease in specific gravity
renal failure , intestinal malfunctions, kidney malfunction
normal values : specific gravity
Measurement of the total amount of dissolved substance in the urine. (Concentration of urine or ratio of water to toxins or metabolic wastes)
1.003 - 1.040 (water 1.000)
PH
pH (potential of Hydrogen or Power of Hydrogen or Potenz of Hydrogen
Overall assessment of renal and metabolic
NORMAL VALUES: 5-9 (Neutral is 7)
Hematuria
blood in the urine
indicates tissue damage , disease or infection
bilirubin
found in bile. Produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. Usually removed through stool.
Positive bilirubinuria can cause
Hemolytic anemia
Liver damage
Cystic or Bile duct damage or blockage (if bilirubin is not found in stool)
ketonuria
ketones found in the urine
indicates excessive fat breakdown and ketones are accumulating in the body
Causes of ketones / ketonuria
Low food intake
Low pH
Carbohydrate restrictive diets
Starvation
Intense exercise
Diabetes (Type I - Untreated) - Low insulin levels