Earth Science Test 7

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25 Terms

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Fault

A fracture in Earth's crust where blocks of rock move past each other

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Where are faults found?

Sometimes but not always on a tectonic plat boundaries

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Stress

Force caused when pieces of crust push on or pull on each other at a fault

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Earthquake

Shaking of the ground caused by sudden movement of rock along a fault

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Where are most of the earthquakes on Earth?

Around or on the Pacific Tectonic Plate (Ring of Fire)

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Seismic Waves

Vibrations caused by an earthquake

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Focus

The point underground where rocks first begin to move at an earthquake

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Epicenter

The point of Earth's surface directly above the focus

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Seismograph

An instrument that constantly records ground movement over time

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Seismogram

the record of ground movement made by a seismograph

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Seismologists

Scientists who study earthquakes

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Magnitude

The strength of the energy released during an earthquake

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Richter Scale

A number range indicating the energy released during an earthquake

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How does the Richter Scale work?

  1. It uses seismograph readings to calculate the energy released by an earthquake
  2. Each number increase on the scale represents a 10 fold increase in energy released
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Primary Waves

Fastest seismic waves that travel through both liquids and solids

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Secondary Waves

Slower seismic waves that travel only through solids

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Surface Waves

The slowest seismic waves that only move along Earth's surface

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Aftershock

A smaller earthquake following a powerful earthquake in the same area

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Liquefaction

A process in which shaking of the ground causes soil to act like liquid leading to landslides and sinkholes

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Tsunami

A water wave triggered by an earthquake, volcanic, eruption, or landslide

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Why do tsunami waves get bigger when they are closer to land?

The waves energy has less room to spread out so directedco

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Cross - Bracing

Diagonal steel beams that strengthen building walls

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Base Isolators

Shock absorbers that absorb tremors and shaking during an earthquake

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Shear Walls

Concrete walls with steel bars in them which reduce rocking of the wall

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How do you read a Seismogram?

  1. Seismogram s can be read from left to right, showing primary waves, then secondary waves, and finally surface waves
  2. The X axis shows the passage of time in seconds or minutes
  3. The Y axis shows the strength of the earthquake shaking