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What do the renal arteries do?
supply impure blood to kidneys for purification
What are kidneys?
organs that filter blood and produce urine
What is the outer part of the kidney called?
the cortex
What structure is inside of the cortex?
the medulla
Where does urine collect in the kidney?
the renal pelvis
Urine drains from the kidney in a tube called
the ureter
Blood purified by the kidney is carried away by
the renal veins
Urine drains into the _____ and is excreted out the body through the _______.
urinary bladder; urethra
The branch of the renal artery carries blood ______ the nephron while the branch of the renal vein carries blood ________ from the nephron.
towards; away
Blood pressure forces fluid through the walls of a cluster of capillaries called
the glomerulus
Where is the glomerulus located in?
Bowmans Capsule
Refined urine is collected in the
collecting duct
Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.
renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder
The kidney's ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures:
the cortex and the medulla
Osmosis is a form of
passive transport
What does the nasal cavity do?
filter, warms, and humidifies air
What is the pharynx?
a passage for food and air
What does the larynx do?
produces voice sounds
What is the trachea?
windpipe the connects the bronchi to each lung
What helps moves air in and out of the lungs?
the diaphragm
The bronchiole carries inhaled air into the
alveoli
In the lungs, the gas is exchanged
inside of the alveoli and oxygen enters the circulatory system through the capillaries
Branches of the pulmonary arteries containing oxygen poor blood from body tissues to the ______ and branches of the pulmonary vein transport oxygen rich blood back to the _______.
alveoli; heart
In fishes, the partial pressure of blood ________ as it flows through gill cappilaries
increases
What is countercurrent flow?
when water and blood flow in opposite directions; gases are exchanged between the fluids
A gas always diffuses from where its partial pressure is _____ to where it is _________.
higher; lower
The pressure inside a human chest cavity is always
negative
Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood?
the Alveolus
What is the correct sequence of flow through the nephron?
Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct
The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as _____.
secretion
The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _____.
filtration
Is O2 less soluble in water or air?
Water because it is more viscous, and less oxygen is present
What type of tissues do trachea and bronchi have?
columnar w/ brush border
What type of tissues do bronchioles have?
simple cuboidal
What type of tissues do alveoli have?
simple squamous
Hyperosmotic cells have
net flow of water into the cells; cell lyses
Isosmotic cells have
no net flow of water movement; osmotic balance
Hypoosmotic cells have
net flow of water out of the cells; cell shrivels
What are osmoregulators?
regulators that expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment
What are osmoconformers?
conformers that are isosmotic with their surroundings
Most freshwater fish are
hypertonic
Most saltwater fish are
hypotonic
What type of nitrogenous waste do aquatic animals dispose?
ammonia
What type of nitrogenous waste do mammals dispose?
urea
What type of nitrogenous waste do birds dispose?
uric acid
Squamous epithelia helps
small compounds to get through during filtration
Cuboidal Epithelia helps
pump important solutes back into circulation during reabsorption and moves larger waste products into the ultrafiltrate during secretion
What does the length of a loop of henle determine?
how concentrated your urine is
What is the blood flow of the vascular component of the kidneys?
aorta → renal artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → vasa recta → renal vein → posterior vena cava
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