Plant Science Exam 4: Key Terms & Definitions in Biology

caffeine

what is this structure?

alkaloid that stimulates the CNS

increases HR, BP, and respiration

vasoconstrictor

describe the physiological effects of caffeine

aspirin and acetaminophen

what are two medicines that caffeine is commonly added to

yes

can create nervousness, irritability, and other withdrawal symptoms without it

is caffeine addictive

may lower the fetal growth of the child so mothers have to limit the amounts that they consume

what are the effects of high levels of caffeine in a pregnant woman

decrease type II diabetes, Parkinson's and some cancers

what are the health benefits of caffeine in some studies

reduce herbivory

pests won't eat them as often and larger mammals may not like the taste or what it does to them so they will avoid it

caffeine is produced only by plants, yet it has profound effects of the CNS of animals. why would plants, which do not have a nervous system, have evolved these compounds

Caffea arabica

native to Ethiopia but spread through Europe and eventually the Americas

what plant is coffee primarily from? where is it native to?

Brazil

who is the leading producer of the coffee plant now

from an evergreen shrub

berries of it are harvested

beans are roasted (roasting affects the flavor)

how is coffee cultivated

sun-grown trees have to replace other trees in the tropical rain forest which leads to deforestation

there is a push to do shade-grown trees to maintain the tropical rain forest diversity

traditionally coffee plants are grown in the shade but sun-trees have higher yield. what is the ecological concern?

Camellia sinensis

native to India and China

what plant does tea usually come from? where is it native to?

tea

what is the world's most consumed beverage after water

China and India

top producers of the tea plant

small tree/shrub is pruned for hand harvest by plucking the leaves

leaves are fermented which results in the differences in type/taste

how are tea leaves cultivated

green = no fermentation but the leaves are steamed

oolong = partial fermentation

black = full fermentation (more polyphenols expressed)

white = no fermentation or steaming (have dense trichomes)

herbal = not from the tea plant, usually from other plant species like rose hips, limes, lemons, oranges, etc.

describe the fermentation of green tea, oolong tea, black tea, white tea and herbal tea

green tea consumption is linked to lower cancer risk

what is the effect of tea on human health

caffeine and theophylline

what other two stimulants are in tea

bronchial muscle relaxer

what is theophylline

theophylline

what is this compound

Theobroma cacao

native to the neotropics

what plant does chocolate come from? where is it native to?

named by Linnaeus

Theobroma came from "food of the gods"

where did the specific name of chocolate come from

used them as small coins to trade and buy things

what did the Aztecs used cacao seeds as

roasted and ground cacao beans with chili peppers and other species

what is Chocolatl made from

added cocoa butter and sugar to the ground beans

what did an English company do to Chocolatl to make it into chocolate bars

theobromine

caffeine

phenethylamine

anandamide

the cacao seeds in chocolate contain what alkaloids

acts as a diuretic and heart stimulant

found in tea leaves and kola tree

can get poisoning from really high levels of it

describe theobromine

phenethylamine

what structure is this

dopamine releasing-agent that is linked to serotonin-levels in the brain

rapidly metabolized when taken orally

describe phenethylamine

anandamide

what is this structure

means bliss and delight

affects cannabinoid neurotransmitter that activates some of the same receptors as THC

describe anandamide

flavonoids have antioxidant properties

improve insulin sensitivity

reduce blood pressure

more processed chocolate = more flavonoids lost

what are some possible health benefits of dark chocolate

beans are roasted, cracked open to release the cotyledons (nibs)

nibs are crushed to produce a chocolate liquor called baking chocolate

cocoa butter is used for soaps and cosmetics

how is chocolate processed

half of cocoa worldwide is grown in West Africa that is harvested by 12-16 year olds

40% of chocolate eaten is produced by child slaves

what is the high price of chocolate

from seeds of Western African cola tree

contains alkaloids caffeine and kolanin which are both cardiac stimulants

added with coca leaf extracts but the cocaine is removed

describe how Coca-Cola is made

anti-malaria artenisinin

Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) is a source of what

Neanderthal buried with a medicinal plant 60K years ago

4K years old Sumerian tablet had medicinal plants

ancient Chinese, Indian, Aztecs

what are some ancient uses of plants as medicine

past = sedative

now = used for BP and schizophrenia

snakeroot was as a what in the past...

what is used as now...

Hippocrates

who is the Father of Medicine

natural means rather than supernatural

the gods were not punishing them and plants could be used as treatments

what did Hippocrates believe that disease came from

giant fennel

what plant in the Middle East was used as a contraceptive and was collected into extinction

Dioscorides

who wrote a text of 600 medicinal plants that was the Western standard until the Renaissance and herbals

age of herbals

used the Doctrines of Signatures: signature or feature of plant parts corresponded to the human part (no scientific basis)

describe the medicinal practices during the Renaissance

bloodwort = blood red sap so used for blood diseases

liverwort = used for liver disease because it has the shape of a liver

snakeroot = used for snake bites

what were bloodwort, liverwort, and snakeroot used for according to the doctrine of signatures

25%

including fungi, 50%

what percent of US pharmaceuticals have plant-derived active ingredients? what about if you include fungi?

75%

what percent of rural populations rely on herbal medicine as their only form of healthcare

China, India, and some other countries

pharmacists provide plants instead of pills

herbal medicine is an established practice in what other countries

Melvin Gilmore

who wrote a book about the uses of plants by Indians of the Missouri River Region

Echinacea

plant that was used by Native Americans as the antidote for bites and stings, cure of infectious diseases, toothaches and smoked as a remedy for headaches

prevention of colds and flu

what is Echinacea used for today

alkaloids: 3000 identified, dominant in bean, nightshade (tomatoes, tobacco), and coffee family

glycosides: effect heart contraction

saponins: progesterone precursor and cortisone

list and explain common active compounds in medicinal plants

digitalis glycosides in it that slow heartbeat with increased blood pumped (stronger contraction)

English remedy for dropsy

contains digoxin

describe what Foxglove is and what it is used for

digoxin

what is this structure

salicilin (glycoside of salicylic acid)

what compound comes from the inner bark of a willow tree

acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

what is the synthetic production of salicilin

anti-inflammatory and analgesic

reduces risk of a second heart attack

first organic compound that was able to be synthesized

easier on stomachs than salicilin is

describe acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

salicylic acid

what is this structure

quinine: first effective treatment for malaria, used with water to make gin and tonics by British colonists

list and explain the compound that come from the fever bark tree

artimisin which is a terpene that is toxic to malaria parasites

what compound comes from a wormwood tree

quinine

what structure is this

reserpine

what compound is from snakeroot

isolated from the root of snakeroot

one of the first tranquilizers for schizophrenia

also a treatment for hypertension

describe what reserpine is used for

reserpine

what structure is this

used for skin conditions

has soothing properties that may promote dermal cell growth and inhibit bacterial infections

found in many lotions, sunscreens, and bath oils

describe what the Aloe plant is used for

ephedrine

what compound is from Ephedra

decongestant and CNS stimulant similar to adrenaline

weight control supplements

energy boosters

describe what ephedrine is used for

pseudoephedrine

what is the synthetic form of ephedrine

pseudoephedrine

what structure is this

methamphetamine

pseudoephedrine was used to make which other stronger drug

cons- lots of work and money, would cause inflation with the prices for them and people would turn to cheaper and possibly unsafe options

pro- more purity in the herbal supplements, we would know the ingredients, and have more studies and knowledge to decrease deaths from adverse effects of them

abuse of products containing Ephedra extracts led to increased concerns about unregulated marketing of herbal remedies. should increased regulation occur

vinblastine

vincristine

what compounds are in madagascar periwinkle

treat various leukemias and lymphomas

chemo drug that blacks spindle formation in cells

what are vinblastine and vincristine used for

chemotherapy drug taxol

isolated from the inner bark of the tree

which compound is in Pacific Yew

vincristine

what structure is this

taxol

what structure is this

funding preservation efforts to put the plants back by either the drug company or the nation

what steps can be taken to ensure that plants used in medicines will be preserved in the wild

medicine

what is the science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease

it will probably increase because most people will google what to do with the symptoms they have rather than go to the doctor to get treated

what is the future outlook of alternative medicine

considered a dietary supplement by the FDA

testing and clinical trials are not needed for it like for over-the-counter drugs

what are the current herbal medicine regulations

these alternative medicines could react with another drug that they are already taking and could have deadly consequences

many alternative medicine users will not report use to their primary physician. what is the concern with this?

treating depression and said to raise serotonin levels

what is St. John's wort primarily for treating

improvement of dementia symptoms by increased blood flow

anticoagulant

increased bleeding risk with high consumption

what is Gingko primarily used for

may reduce symptoms of benign prostate enlargement and increase urinary flow

what is Saw Palmetto used for

Kratom

native to southeast Asia

what comes from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa tree? where is it native?

fight fatigue

is a stimulant

interacts with the opioid receptors in the brain causing reduction of pain and fighting opioid wthdrawal

what is Kratom used for

could be more addictive than heroin

what is the drawback of using Kratom

start with small doses to see how it react with your body

make sure that you look into what it reacts with before you start taking it

what advice would you give someone who is choosing to self-medicate using herbs

stay with more standard and well-known companies like Walgreens

do not get from a sketchy person or company online

how can the educated consumer be assured of the efficacy of herbal preparations

sometimes it is just the matter of dosage

what did Richard Schultes say about the difference between a deadly poison and a life-saving medicine

caffeine

alcohol

nicotine

what are the most widely used psychoactive substances used in the US

the joy plant

6000 years ago, a Sumerian clay tablet pictured the opium poppy as what

pharmacology of the drug

biology of the individual

psychology of the individual

cultural setting

psychoactive drug effects are dependent on what

mimicking, amplifying, or blocking the effects of endogenous neurotransmitters

how do psychoactive drugs usually have an effect on the human body

stimulants

depressants

hallucinogens

what are the three subcategories of psychoactive drugs

narcotic

any dangerously addictive psychoactive compound

alkaloids

(THC is an exception because it is a phenolic)

most narcotics are usually

dopamine

which neurotransmitter is responsible for pleasure

blocks return of dopamine back to the Ventral Tegmental Area which increase dopamine levels = higher pleasure feeling

how does cocaine act in the human body

inhibit the shutdown of dopamine production which increases dopamine levels = higher pleasure feeling

how do opiates act in the human body

inhibition of dopamine production in the Ventral Tegmental Area so more drugs are needed to get the same feeling which is called building a tolerance

chronically elevated dopamine levels leads to what