Chapter #2 learning resources Anatomy & Physiology

study guide

Solid example in body

Bone

Liquid example in body

Blood

Gas example in body

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Six major elements in the body

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS)

Proton location and charge

In nucleus, positive

Neutron location and charge

In nucleus, neutral

Electron location and charge

Outside nucleus, negative

How ions form

By gaining or losing electrons

Cation

Positively charged ion (lost electrons)

Anion

Negatively charged ion (gained electrons)

Function of sodium (Na+)

Nerve impulses, fluid balance

Function of potassium (K+)

Muscle contraction, nerve impulses

Function of calcium (Ca2+)

Bones, clotting, muscle contraction

Function of chloride (Cl-)

Fluid balance, stomach acid

Ionic bond

Electron transfer between atoms

Covalent bond

Electron sharing between atoms

Single covalent bond

Shares one pair of electrons

Double covalent bond

Shares two pairs of electrons

Triple covalent bond

Shares three pairs of electrons

Electronegativity

Ability of an atom to attract electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

Equal sharing of electrons

Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons

Dipole

Partial positive and negative charges in a molecule

Nonpolar molecule

No charged regions, hydrophobic

Polar molecule

Has partial charges, hydrophilic

Amphipathic molecule

Has both polar and nonpolar regions

Example of amphipathic molecule

Phospholipid

Hydrogen bond

Weak attraction between polar molecules

Hydrophobic interaction

Nonpolar molecules cluster together in water

Organic molecule

Contains carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic molecule

Does not contain carbon and hydrogen

High specific heat of water

Stabilizes body temperature

High heat of vaporization of water

Sweating cools the body

Hydrophilic

Water-loving, polar or charged

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing, nonpolar

Acid

Releases hydrogen ions (H+)

Base

Accepts hydrogen ions or releases OH-

pH scale

Measures hydrogen ion concentration

Acidic pH

Less than 7

Neutral pH

Equal to 7

Basic pH

Greater than 7

Monomer of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (glucose)

Monomer of lipids

Fatty acids and glycerol

Monomer of proteins

Amino acids

Monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Function of carbohydrates

Primary energy source

Examples of carbohydrates

Glucose, glycogen

Function of lipids

Membranes, insulation, energy storage

Examples of lipids

Fats, oils, cholesterol

Function of proteins

Enzymes, structure, movement, transport

Examples of proteins

Enzymes, muscle fibers, hemoglobin

Function of nucleic acids

Store genetic information

Examples of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

ATP function

Main energy molecule of the cell

Major functions of proteins

Movement, enzymes, transport, structure, defense, regulation