1750-1900: age of imperialism

How did the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic World from 1750-1900?

Enlightenment: emphasized the rejection of established traditions & new ideas of political power; played a big role in the start of revolutions.

John Locke: believed humans are born w/ natural rights of life, liberty, and property given by god; which cannot be taken by monarchs.

Social Contract: idea that human societies must construct governments of their own will b/c the purpose of government is to protect natural rights. Inspired overthrowing tyrannical governments and creating a new one.

How did the enlightenment affect slavery over time?

Enlightenment ideas led to the abolition of slavery; b/c it disregards human rights, like liberty

Great Britain: abolished slavery b/c they were rich w/ the Industrial Revolution using paid labor; made economic sense

• Great Jamiaca Revolt in British Jamaica played a role in abolishing slavery

How did the enlightenment affect coerced labor in Europe over time?

Enlightenment ideas contributed to the end of serfdom:

• industrial work made serfs bound to coerced labor less necessary

• Peasant revolts in England, France & Russia

How did the enlightenment affect women over time?

Enlightenment ideas increased calls for women suffrage:

• Olympo de Gouges: wrote the Declaration of rights of women and of the female citizen, which criticized the French constitution for marginalizing women.

• United States: women gathered at Seneca Falls Convention to call for women’s right to vote.

How did the enlightenment affect the expansion of suffrage over time?

Enlightenment ideas led to the expansion of suffrage in the U.S:

• First half of the 19th century, only landed white males could vote then all could

• In the second half, black males gained the right to vote too b/c of liberty and equality

What are the causes of the various revolutions in the period from 1750-1900?

Cause: rise of nationalism

• New development in this period b/c throughout history, large states had diverse people. Ex: Ottoman Empire or Mongol Empire

• Used nationalism to unify people of shared cultures. Ex: Russian leaders required territorial holdings to speak Russian, which backfired b/c Ukraine, Poland & Finland already had their own languages, and the imposition of Russians created a strong counter-nationalism against Russian authority.

What developments of new ideologies and systems of government caused various revolutions in the period from 1750-1900?

Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Rosseau, and Montesquieu inspired new government structures.

• Popular sovereignty argued that power to govern was in the hands of the people; governments should be characterized by democracy

• Liberalism; political & economic ideology, protection of private property, and civil rights, representative government and economic freedom.

What was an effect of the American revolution in the period from 1750-1900?

American Revolution: created the Declaration of Independence flowed w/ ideas of popular sovereignty, natural rights, and the social contract.

Effect: inspired nations to successfully overthrow oppressive powers & establish a republican government. Inspired the French revolution specifically.

What was an effect of the French revolution in the period from 1750-1900?

French Revolution: played a big part in helping Americans gain independence. Created the declarations of the rights of man and citizen w/ ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty.

Effect: inspired the Haitian revolution by speaking of liberty and equality

What was an effect of the Haitian revolution in the period from 1750-1900?

Haitian revolution: previously a colonial property of France, until enslaved Haitians revolted with Toussaint Louverture.

Effect: established the first black republic government in the Western hemisphere.

What are the causes and effects of the Latin American revolutions in the period 1750-1900?

Cause: creole military leader, Simon Bolivar appealed to colonial subjects w/ enlightenment summarized in his letter from Jamaica; containing popular sovereignty and the right of self rule.

Effect: built up resentment from the creole class below the peninsulares who got most of the political power.

How did environmental factors contribute to industrialization from 1750-1900?

Factors in Britain:

• Proximity to waterways: enabled transportation of goods.

• Geography: coal & iron deposits used to urbanize.

• Access to foreign resources: from their colonial holdings. Ex: N. America had timber and India had cotton.

• Improved agriculture: increased population for workforce.

• Protection of private property: laws protecting entrepreneurs encouraged safe investments.

• Accumulation of capital: excess wealth from the Atlantic slave trade to invest in businesses.

• Factory system: created a new work environment, specialization in labor led to workers being replaceable unlike artisans w/ skill.

How did different modes of production develop and change over time in the 1st Industrial Revolution?

Steam engine increased the spread of industrialization and replaced water powered machines; water frame.

Pace of industrialization depended on a region’s available and similar factors to Britain; coal, iron, waterways & government policies.

Where did industrialization spread and what were its effects over time?

Industrialized nations: Great Britain, France, United States, Russia & Japan - dominated global economic output

Non-industrialized nations: countries in the Middle East and S. Asia, manufacturing centers until industrialization came in. Ex: textile production in Egypt & India declined b/c of cheaper, mass produced British textiles.

How did France’s industrialization develop and change over time?

France: industrialized later than Britain b/c of the lack of coal & iron deposits, which spared it the social problems unlike Britain.

Government sponsored canals & railroads and developed textile factories.

How did the United States’ industrialization develop and change over time?

United States: industrialized quick after the civil war. Had many of the same factors as Britain; vast resources, big population (plus immigration), and relatively stable politically.

How did Russia’s industrialization develop and change over time?

Russia: industrialized as a top-down affair (driven by the state) which led to brutal working conditions & social unrest. To not lag behind the rest of Europe, built Trans-Siberian Railway, increasing trade & interdependence across Russia.

How did Japan’s industrialization develop and change over time?

Japan: state sponsored industrialization during Meiji Restoration to avoid Western domination. Japan adopted Western tech, culture, education, & politics (Germany’s parliament). State funded railroads, banking system, and factories. Became a major power in Asia.

How did the 1st industrial revolution differ from the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Great Britain: used coal for steam engines or textile machines; power loom

Then spread beyond Britain (2nd Industrial Revolution) to U.S, France, Russia & Japan. Fueled by oil & electricity.

How did different modes of production develop and change over time in the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Steel: replaced iron, using the Bessemer process which made it stronger & cheaper.

Electricity: power generation & distribution.

Telegraph: Samuel Morse enabling distanced communication w/ Morse Code. Trans-Atlantic cable connected industrial powers facilitating a global economy.

What were the effects of the new technology in the 2nd Industrial Revolution?

Faster communication facilitated trade, making industrialized nations wealthier. Increase in global interconnectedness

• more immigration b/c of railroads & steamships. From rural to urban areas, looking for work.

What were the causes and effects of the economic strategies in Egypt? (Ottoman Empire)

Egypt (Ottoman) empire: Muhammad Ali in Egypt tried state sponsored industrialization.

• made textile & military equipment factories w/ peasants growing cash crops (cotton & sugar) also raising tariffs.

• Britain intervened, forcing them to eliminate tariffs, which increased British goods and stunned Egypt’s growth.

What were the causes and effects of the economic strategies in Japan?

Cause: Japan witnesses Western powers dominating China and the demand to open trade w/ the U.S. under Commodore Perry.

Effect: Meiji Restoration overthrew shogunate and made imperial rule. Modernized by adopting Western tech. (ex: constitution modeled after Germany)

What was the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions in the period from 1750-1900?

Shift from mercantilism (state-driven, emphasis on exports to get rich) towards capitalism (privately-driven)

• Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations advocated free market policies (Laissez-faire) for less government intervention.

• Critics to free-market principles like Karl Marx advocated for Socialism & Communism b/c of social inequalities and harsh working conditions.

How did international trade and industrial capitalism affect economic systems?

Growth of international trade and industrial capitalism led to transnational corporations. Ex: HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, increased British trade.

• Financed by stock markets. Ex: New York Stock Exchange raised capital by selling stocks (shares of ownership)

• Limited liability corporations protected owners from losing more than initial investments.

How did the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions contribute to change in the period from 1750-1900?

Effects of Industrial Capitalism:

• increased availability of goods at lower prices, improving standards of living for some

• Commercialized farming led to abundant food supplies, led to longer life expectancy