Chapter 5 Key Issue 3

dialect

a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronounciation

isogloss

a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

What are the three groups of settlers in the east of the US?

New England, Southeastern, and Midlands

Who was New England established by and inhabited mostly by?

settlers from England

What settlers made up 2/3s of the settlers in New England?

Puritans from East Anglia in southeastern England

How many settlers came from the north of England to New England?

only a handful

How many people from southeastern England came into the Southeastern settlement?

1/2

What type of diversity was in the Southeastern settlement?

diverse social-class backgrounds (ex. deported prisoners, indentured, servants, refugees, etc.)

What settlement in the east in the US was most diverse?

the Midlands

Who were the first settlers of Pennsylvania?

Quakers from the north of England

Where did Scots and Irish in the Midlands go?

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware

Who else did the Middle Atlantic colonies attract?

German, Dutch, and Swedish immigrants

How many major dialects are in the US?

three major East Coast dialect regions and one in the West

What influences the adoption of the same words throughout the country?

mass media (ex. television and radio)

What are the different words for soft drinks throughout the US?

soda (Northeast and Southwest), pop (Midwest, Great Plains, and Northwest), coke (South)

What US dialect makes words like "half" and "mine" into two syllables?

southeastern

What US dialect makes words such as "heart" and "lark" lose the /r/ sound? What does this reflect?

northeastern; the place of origin of most New England colonists

From what 3 groups did English originate from? What language did they speak?

Angles in the north, Jutes in the southeast, and Saxons in the southwest; Old English

What were the dialects in Old English and where were they spoken?

Kentish (southeast), West Saxon (southwest), Mercian (center of the island), Northumbrian (north)

What is a standard language?

a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication

What is the standard language of England?

Received Pronunciation (RP)

Where and by who was Received Ponunciation used by?

upper-class residents in London, Cambridge, and Oxford

How was Received Ponunciation diffused?

through the printing press

What are the three main dialect regions in the United Kingdom?

Northern, Midland, and Southern

What UK dialect pronounces words like "grass" and "path" with an /ah/ sound?

Southern

What UK dialect pronounces words like "grass" and "path" with an /a/ sound?

Midland

What UK dialect pronounces words like "thatch" and "thing" with a /th/ sound like in "then"?

Southwestern

What UK dialect pronounces words like "fresh" and "eggs" with an /ai/ sound?

Southwestern

What UK dialect pronounces words like "apple" and "cat" with an /a/ like the short /e/ in "bet"?

Southeastern

Why is the English language in the US so different than in England?

isolation

What are the three ways US English differs from British English?

vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

What is the main reason US English vocab is different than England English?

settlers in America encountered new things that needed new names

Who influenced US English that made it differ than England English?

the Native Americans

Why do inventions have different names in US English and England English?

as new inventions were created, they got different names on either side of the Atlantic

Why is American spelling different than British?

people wanted an independent identity

What did Noah Webster do?

he developed a uniquely American dialect of English

Why did Webster want different spelling and grammar than British English?

to establish a national language and reduce cultural dependence on England

What are some of the differing spellings in English dialects?

no "u" in words such as "honour" and "colour" in American English, and "s" substituted for "c" in words such as "defence" in American English

How do British English speakers pronounce things?

prefer an /ah/ sound over /a/, and eliminate the "r" sound except before vowels

How do American English speakers pronounce things?

say unaccented syllables with more clarity, have 4 syllables in words such as "secretary" and "necessary"

Castillian is a dialect of what language?

Spanish

Where did Castillian arise?

in Old Castile, in the north-central part of Spain

How did Portuguese develop?

because of Portugal's relative isolation on the west coast of the Iberian peninsula

Where do 90% of Spanish and Portuguese speakers live outside of Europe?

Central and South America

How does Spanish differ in the Americas than in Europe?

it has new words from Indian languages while Spanish in Europe has new words from the regional dialects in Spain

Why were people in Portugal upset about the new standard language of Portuguese?

it resembled the Brazillian version (eliminated some accent words, cedillas, circumflexes, and hyphens), and had thousands of new Brazillian words

What are some languages that were originally viewed as dialects of Italian?

Emiliano-Romagnolo, Liguria, Lombard, Napoletano-Calebrese, Piemontese, Sicilian, Venetian

What is a language that was once seen as a dialect of Spanish but now is viewed as a separate Romance language?

Catalan

What can Catalan be traced back to?

Vulgar Latin

What is a dialect of Catalan? Where is it spoken in?

Balear; the Balearic Islands (Ibiza, Majorca, etc.)

What do most linguists consider Valencian as?

a dialect of Catalan

What do people in Valencia view Valencian as? Why?

as a separate language; it has words derived from people who lived in the region before Roman conquest

Why does the Academy of Galician Language consider Galician as a separate language?

because it would be a symbol of cultural independence

Why does the Galician Association of the Language consider Galician as a dialect of Portuguese?

because as a separate language it's minor and obscure, whereas as a dialect it helps influence Portuguese

Moldovan is classified as a dialect of what?

Romanian

Moldovan is the official lanuage of where?

Moldova

What is Moldovan wirrten in? Romanian?

Cyrillic letters (like Russian); Roman letters

What is a creolized language?

a language that results from mixing the colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

What are some examples of creolized languages?

French Creole, Papiamento, Portuguese Creole, etc.