BIO DNA Replication

Between the nitrogenous bases on each strand

Where are the two strands of a DNA molecule held together by hydrogen bonds?

The order of nucleotides in DNA molecules

What are the instructions for the traits of an organism are determined by?

Double helix, sugar phosphate backbone, and nitrogenous bases

Describe the structure of DNA

Miescher

Who isolated and discovered material termed nuclein which later became known as DNA?

Griffith

Who conducted experiments on mice using various bacteria to discover the transforming principle?

Transforming principle

Principle that genetic material can be transferred between organisms

Avery, Macleod, and McCarty

Who discovered that by using enzymes to degrade macromolecules, and heat killing of bacteria, the transforming principle was nucleic acid?

Hershey and Chase

Who used bacteria that was infected with phages that had their phage coats removed using a blender to reveal that DNA is the genetic material injected into the bacteria host?

Chargaff

Who discovered that DNA was composed of 4 nucleotide building blocks and that the amounts of adenine and thymine were roughly the same as well as cytosine and guanine in DNA?

Chargaffs rule

The rule that in DNA amounts of adenine will equal amounts of thymine and amounts of guanine will equal amounts of cytosine

A sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

What are nucleotides made of?

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

What are the Pyrimidines?

Adenine and Guanine

What are the purines?

Franklin

Who discovered the X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA which helped to elucidate its double helix structure?

Phosphodiester bonds

What is the sugar phosphate backbone of each DNA strand held together by?

Polymer strands

What type of strands are the two strands that make up DNA?

Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

What are the two polymer strands of a DNA molecule held together by?

Major and minor grooves

What provides access to the DNA binding proteins during processes like transcription and replication?

Conservative replication

Which DNA replication model involves the original parent double strands remaining intact and two completely new double helix strands are synthesized?

Semi-conservative replication

Which DNA replication model involves the two strands coming apart and each acting as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand?

Dispersive replication

Which DNA replication model involves both original parent strands are broken up into small pieces and incorporated into newly synthesized strands?

Meselson and Stahl

Who discovered that DNA replication was semi-conservative by growing E. coli in a heavy and lighter nitrogen environment and observing that after the heavy nitrogen grown bacteria divides in a lighter nitrogen environment the DNA is half heavy and half lighter nitrogen

DNA, enzymes, and nucleotides

What is required for DNA replication?

Replication fork

What is formed when helicase separates the DNA strands at the origin of replication?

Topiosomerase

What prevents the over-winding of the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork as the DNA is opening up?

Primase

What is synthesized as a RNA primer?

DNA pol III

What uses primer to synthesize the daughter DNA strand?

DNA pol I

What replaces the RNA primer with DNA?

Ligase

What seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments, joining the fragments into a single DNA molecule?

DNA pol I

Which enzyme includes exonuclease activity removing RNA primer and replaces the newly synthesized DNA?

DNA pol II

Which enzyme has a repair function?

Helicase

Which enzyme opens the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases?

DNA pol III

Which enzyme is the main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction?

Ligase

Which enzyme seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand?

Primase

Which enzyme synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication?

Sliding clamp

Which enzyme helps to hold the DNA polymerase in place when nucleotides are being added?

Topoisomerase

Which enzyme relieves the stress on DNA when unwinding by causing breaks and then releasing the DNA?

Single-strand binding proteins (SSB)

Which enzyme binds to single-stranded DNA to avoid DNA rewinding back?

Mismatch repair

Process where the incorrectly added base is detected after replication

Telomerase

The ends of linear chromosomes are maintained by the action of what?

Mutations

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand

Type of point mutation that has no effect on protein sequence

Describe a silent mutation

Type of point mutation that results in an amino acid substitution

Describe a missense mutation

Type of point mutation that substitutes a stop codon for an amino acid

Describe a nonsense mutation

Type of mutation that includes insertions or deletions of nucleotides which may result in a shift in the reading frame or insertion of a stop codon

Describe a frameshift mutation

Sangers dideoxy chain termination method

Process where dye-labeled dideoxynucleotides are used to generate DNA fragments that terminate at different points. The DNA is separated by capillary electrophoresis on the basis of size, and from the order of fragments formed, the DNA sequence can be read