Psych 120 Mod 3 Test

Motivation

The wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Intrinsic motivation

Pursuit of motivation because of internal factors.

Extrinsic motivation

Pursuit of an activity because of external factors.

Drive (reduction) theory

Organisms seek to exist in a state of homeostasis.

Primary Drive

Drive that is biological.

Secondary Drive

Drive that is learned

Optimal arousal theory

Motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological and psychological arousal.

Self-determination theory

Motivated by Intrinsic goals and want to feel in control of destiny.

Goals should be.

Specific and achievable

Approach goals

goals we seek to aspire.

Avoidance goals

goals we want to avoid

Performance goals

performing well in front of others, be judged well

Mastery goals

increasing competence and skills

Approach-Approach conflict

Choice between two appealing activities or goals (win-win scenario)

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Choice between the “lesser of two evils” (lose-lose scenario)

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Choice has both positive and negative outcomes.

Personality

The traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.

Trait

Unit of personality

Attributions

Can be situational or dispositional.

Fundamental Attribution error

Tendency to attribute motivations of others more to personality factors than to situational factors

Projective tests

based on the assumption that the test taker will project unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus.

Personality inventories

answers a series of questions about self.

Thematic Apperception test

Person is asked to tell a story about the “Hero” in the picture.

Rorschach Inkblot test

Shows the person an ambiguous stimulus, ask them to explain what they see.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Measures personality across several personality types

Personality Inventories - MBTI

Differing meaning of personalities between people

Focus on outer world or on your own inner world.

Extroversion or Introversion

Focus on the basic information you take in or prefer to interpret and add meaning

Sensing or Intuition

When making decisions, do you prefer to look at logic and consistency or to look at people and special circumstances.

Thinking or Feeling

In dealing with the world, do you prefer to get things decided or do you prefer to stay open to new information and options.

Judging or Perceiving

Factor Analysis

Used to identify how traits cluster together across the population.

Five Factor Model

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Parenting

depends on genetics; parenting will vary according to the child’s personality.

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Looks at how children may learn personality through imitation and cognitive processes.

Reciprocal Determinism

addresses how cognitive processes, behaviors and situational factors all interact to reinforce or punish personality traits.

Freud Theory

emphasizes interactions between different components of personality.

Freud’s Developmental Stages

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency period, Genitial

Humanistic Theory

Focused on personality development as part of our quest for growth and achievement of potential.

Abraham Maslow

Emphasized pursuit of self-actualization

Carl Rogers

Importance of unconditional positive regard, and congruence between real self and ideal self. (led to Positive Psychology)

Cell transformation

Single cell zygote develops into an embryo, then a fetus (require proper care)

Teratogens

external/environmental contaminants that can penetrate the maternal protections of pregnancy and cause harm to the fetus. (drugs and alcohol)

Sight

Stimulation builds quickly; binocular depth perception by 4-5m, 20/20 by 6m

Reflexes

Innate, unlearned, adaptive behaviors (grasping, stepping, basic swim reflex)

Paiget’s Model

Driven by improving skills to organize information.

Piaget Stage #1

(Sensorimotor) Thought is centered around senses and motor skills.

Piaget Stage #2

(Preoperational) Follows the onset of mental representation at end of sensorimotor

Centration

Tendency to focus on only one dimension of a problem.

Egocentrism

Tendency to only be able to reason about a problem from one’s own viewpoint.

Piaget Stage #3

(Concrete Operations) onset of logical but not abstract thought

Piaget Stage #4

(Formal Operations) Ability to think abstractly, sense of self.

Weaknesses of Piaget’s Model

Tasks were too abstract, underestimated the capabilities of young children.

Behaviorism

Gender identity is based on reinforcement and punishment. (Social Learning)

Cognitive

Children categorize or develop gender schemata. (built for input form environment)

Temperament

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

Authoritarian Parent Style

Strict punishment and rules (Children end up withdrawn and distrustful)

Permissive Parent Style

Not demanding, Rarely punish (Children tend to be disruptive, immature, undisciplined)

Authoritative Parent Style

Use reason in explaining punishment (Children feel more secure, more confident, and exploratory)

Power Assertion-Disciplinary

Physical discipline often stimulates aggression.

Induction-Disciplinary

Attempt to reason with the child

Withdrawal of Love-Disciplinary

ignoring, isolating the child

Adolescence

Changes across all dimensions (Obesity rates increase)

Anorexia and Bulimia

Mainly female (greater emphasis on body appearance)

Adulthood

Metabolism settles post adolescence, important to get exercise and eat well.

Middle Adulthood

Shows decline in sensory/physical performance

Midlife Crisis

Emerged in the 70’s, Research does not support it.

Aging Population

Largest part of population is 85+

Primary Aging

Inevitable process of deterioration

Secondary Aging

Product of abuse, disease, poor care

Functional Age

How old your abilities are relative to your chronological age.

Dementia

Deterioration in cognitive functioning from physiological causes

Alzheimer’s Disease

Highly heritable, progressive, degenerative neurological disorder (Leads to loss of memory)

Norms

Rules that govern our behavior in social context.

Role

Pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group.

Stanford Prision Study

Shows that people can easily fall into roles and become subject to norms.

Milgrim Study

Maximize the authority figure using different methods.

Entrapment

Having the teacher commit first to less dangerous steps.

Deindividuation

Loss of awareness of one’s own identity in a group. (Can lead to mob mentailty)

Diffusion of Responsibility

Tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions (leads to social loafing)

Bystander apathy

People stand and watch rather than taking action

Conformity

Tendency of people to go along with the group (peer pressure)

Group Think

Tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement

Counteract GroupThink

Assign devils advocate, majority rule voting, creating rewarding conditions.

Attitude

Stable opinion based on both cognition and emotion.

Explicit Attitude

You are aware of your attitude

Implicit Attitude

You are not aware of your attitude

Self-perception theory

we infer our attitudes based on internal observation of our own behavior.

Prejudice

an attitude driven by negative feelings about an individual in a group.

Stereotypes

Negative beliefs about an individual based solely on group membership.

Discrimination

Negative behavior toward individuals based on their group membership.

Discrimination (self-fulfilling prophecy)

Discriminator gets acted upon in a negative way from victim.

Persuasion

An effort made to change an attitude.

Direct Persuasion

An effort to persuade based primarily on the merits of an argument.

Peripheral Persuasion

An effort to persuade by using methods other than the direct argument

Cognitive Dissonance

Trying to change the belief only makes the belief stronger.

Validity Effect

More likely to believe something when it is repeated

Mere exposure effect

suggests increased liking based on perceptual fluency (humans are lazy)

Learned Helplessness

Prophecy in which you learn you have no self efficacy, and act accordingly

Ego

Conscience

Superego

Angel on your right shoulder