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Development Psychology
The study of how individuals grow and change over time.
Nature vs
The debate about whether genetic or environmental factors have a greater influence on development.
Continuity and Stages
The two perspectives on development, with one emphasizing gradual and continuous change, and the other focusing on distinct stages.
Stability and Change
The concept that certain traits and characteristics remain consistent throughout life, while others may change over time.
Teratogens
Agents such as viruses or drugs that can cause harm to an embryo or fetus.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A condition characterized by physical and mental abnormalities due to exposure to alcohol during pregnancy.
Epigenetic Scars
Marks on DNA caused by factors like smoking during pregnancy, which can impact the individual's ability to handle stress.
Maturation
The biological process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively unaffected by experience.
Schemas
Concepts or mental frameworks that help individuals make sense of their experiences.
Assimilation
The process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.
Piaget
A psychologist who proposed that children construct their understanding of the world through interactions and experiences.
Stranger Anxiety
The fear or wariness that infants develop towards unfamiliar people around 8 months of age.
Attachment
The emotional bond between a child and their caregiver, often formed through body contact.
Erik Erikson
A psychologist who believed that securely attached children develop a sense of basic trust and approach life with confidence.
Neglect and Abuse
Early experiences of neglect or abuse can have long-lasting negative effects on development.
Self-concept
The perception and understanding individuals have of themselves, which can impact their confidence and social skills.
Parenting Styles
Different approaches to parenting, including authoritarian, permissive, negligent, and authoritative.
Gender Differences
Men and women may exhibit different patterns of development and be more prone to certain psychological disorders or behaviors.
Enriched Environment
A stimulating and nurturing environment that can enhance brain development and cognitive abilities.
Adolescence
The period of development between childhood and adulthood, marked by significant physical and emotional changes.
Puberty
The stage of development when individuals experience physical changes that lead to sexual maturity.
Frontal Lobe
The part of the brain responsible for reasoning and decision-making, which develops more slowly than the emotional limbic system during adolescence.
Self-Focused Reasoning
A common characteristic of teenage thinking, where individuals tend to prioritize their own perspective and needs.
D. All of the above
What does Development Psychology encompass? A. Nature vs. Nurture B. Continuity and Stages C. Stability and Change D. All of the above
A. As slow, continuous shaping process
How do researchers who emphasize experience view development? A. As a slow, continuous shaping process B. As a sequence of genetically predisposed stages C. As a result of biological maturation D. None of the above
D. Both A and B
Which of the following is NOT consistent over the lifespan? A. Temperament B. Emotionality C. Physical growth D. Both A and B
B. Epigenetic changes
Fetal alcohol syndrome is marked by lifelong abnormalities due to what? A. Biological maturation B. Epigenetic changes C. Cognitive development D. Social interactions
D. Proficient use of language
What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory? A. Abstract thinking B. Logical reasoning C. Comprehension of mental operations of concrete D. Proficient use of language
C. While interacting with the world
According to Piaget, how do children construct their understanding of the world? A. Through passive observation B. Through interaction with their peers C. While interacting with the world D. Through genetic predispositions
False
True or False: Brain, mind, and social-emotional behavior develop independently of each other
False
True or False: Neglect and abuse during infancy have no long-term effects on a child's development
True
True or False: Securely attached children, according to Erik Erikson, approach life with a sense of basic trust
True
True or False: Babies have natural reflexes, such as turning their heads toward human noises, to help connect socially
False
True or False: Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children's minds grow solely through genetic factors
shaping
Researchers who emphasize experience see development as a slow, continuous ____________ process
assimilation
Piaget believed that children adjust their schemas through a process called ____________.
authoritarian, permissive, negligent, authoritative
Parenting styles include ____________, ____________, ____________, and _____________.
adolescence
. Stanley Hall was one of the first psychologists to describe _________
puberty
The sequence of physical changes during development is more predictable than the timing of ________.
frontal
The ________ lobe of the brain lags behind the emotional limbic system during development
brain power
Enriched environments can increase ____________ and brain development.
social environment
Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children's minds grow through interaction with their ________ _________.
stranger anxiety
Babies develop ________ ________ around 8 months of age, which is a fear of unfamiliar people.
psychiatric disorders
Excess stress in a baby's life can put them at risk for health issues such as hypertension, heart disease, obesity, and ________ ________.
psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud is known for developing the theory of ________ that emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in shaping human behavior
humanistic
Carl Rogers is associated with ________ psychology, emphasizing the importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and self-actualization in human development
