Unit 7

Development Psychology

The study of how individuals grow and change over time.

Nature vs

The debate about whether genetic or environmental factors have a greater influence on development.

Continuity and Stages

The two perspectives on development, with one emphasizing gradual and continuous change, and the other focusing on distinct stages.

Stability and Change

The concept that certain traits and characteristics remain consistent throughout life, while others may change over time.

Teratogens

Agents such as viruses or drugs that can cause harm to an embryo or fetus.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A condition characterized by physical and mental abnormalities due to exposure to alcohol during pregnancy.

Epigenetic Scars

Marks on DNA caused by factors like smoking during pregnancy, which can impact the individual's ability to handle stress.

Maturation

The biological process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively unaffected by experience.

Schemas

Concepts or mental frameworks that help individuals make sense of their experiences.

Assimilation

The process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.

Piaget

A psychologist who proposed that children construct their understanding of the world through interactions and experiences.

Stranger Anxiety

The fear or wariness that infants develop towards unfamiliar people around 8 months of age.

Attachment

The emotional bond between a child and their caregiver, often formed through body contact.

Erik Erikson

A psychologist who believed that securely attached children develop a sense of basic trust and approach life with confidence.

Neglect and Abuse

Early experiences of neglect or abuse can have long-lasting negative effects on development.

Self-concept

The perception and understanding individuals have of themselves, which can impact their confidence and social skills.

Parenting Styles

Different approaches to parenting, including authoritarian, permissive, negligent, and authoritative.

Gender Differences

Men and women may exhibit different patterns of development and be more prone to certain psychological disorders or behaviors.

Enriched Environment

A stimulating and nurturing environment that can enhance brain development and cognitive abilities.

Adolescence

The period of development between childhood and adulthood, marked by significant physical and emotional changes.

Puberty

The stage of development when individuals experience physical changes that lead to sexual maturity.

Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for reasoning and decision-making, which develops more slowly than the emotional limbic system during adolescence.

Self-Focused Reasoning

A common characteristic of teenage thinking, where individuals tend to prioritize their own perspective and needs.

D. All of the above

What does Development Psychology encompass? A. Nature vs. Nurture B. Continuity and Stages C. Stability and Change D. All of the above

A. As slow, continuous shaping process

How do researchers who emphasize experience view development? A. As a slow, continuous shaping process B. As a sequence of genetically predisposed stages C. As a result of biological maturation D. None of the above

D. Both A and B

Which of the following is NOT consistent over the lifespan? A. Temperament B. Emotionality C. Physical growth D. Both A and B

B. Epigenetic changes

Fetal alcohol syndrome is marked by lifelong abnormalities due to what? A. Biological maturation B. Epigenetic changes C. Cognitive development D. Social interactions

D. Proficient use of language

What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage in Piaget's theory? A. Abstract thinking B. Logical reasoning C. Comprehension of mental operations of concrete D. Proficient use of language

C. While interacting with the world

According to Piaget, how do children construct their understanding of the world? A. Through passive observation B. Through interaction with their peers C. While interacting with the world D. Through genetic predispositions

False

True or False: Brain, mind, and social-emotional behavior develop independently of each other

False

True or False: Neglect and abuse during infancy have no long-term effects on a child's development

True

True or False: Securely attached children, according to Erik Erikson, approach life with a sense of basic trust

True

True or False: Babies have natural reflexes, such as turning their heads toward human noises, to help connect socially

False

True or False: Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children's minds grow solely through genetic factors

shaping

Researchers who emphasize experience see development as a slow, continuous ____________ process

assimilation

Piaget believed that children adjust their schemas through a process called ____________.

authoritarian, permissive, negligent, authoritative

Parenting styles include ____________, ____________, ____________, and _____________.

adolescence

. Stanley Hall was one of the first psychologists to describe _________

puberty

The sequence of physical changes during development is more predictable than the timing of ________.

frontal

The ________ lobe of the brain lags behind the emotional limbic system during development

brain power

Enriched environments can increase ____________ and brain development.

social environment

Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children's minds grow through interaction with their ________ _________.

stranger anxiety

Babies develop ________ ________ around 8 months of age, which is a fear of unfamiliar people.

psychiatric disorders

Excess stress in a baby's life can put them at risk for health issues such as hypertension, heart disease, obesity, and ________ ________.

psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud is known for developing the theory of ________ that emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in shaping human behavior

humanistic

Carl Rogers is associated with ________ psychology, emphasizing the importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and self-actualization in human development