AP Psychology Unit 4 Flashcards

AP Psychology Unit 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

Attribution Theory

Explains how people determine the cause of behavior.

Dispositional Attribution

Attributing behavior to internal traits or characteristics.

Situational Attribution

Attributing behavior to external factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors in others and underestimate situational ones.

Self-serving bias

Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external ones.

Attitudes

Feelings influenced by beliefs that predispose reactions.

Cognitive Dissonance

Conflict between actions and beliefs, often leading to a change in attitude to reduce discomfort.

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Social Loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Bystander Effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Id

The part of the unconscious that Freud said contains our instincts, biological drives and desires.

Ego

According to Freud, this is the conscious part of personality that mediates between the demands of the id and the superego

Superego

According to Freud, this contains the shoulds and oughts of personality; conscience

Defense Mechanisms

The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Self-Actualization

Fulfilling one's potential.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Acceptance of someone, including their failings.

Reciprocal Determinism

Interaction between behavior, cognition, and environment.

Self-Efficacy

One's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Big Five Traits (OCEAN)

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Motivation

The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Needs create drives.

Arousal Theory

Optimal stimulation.

Incentive Theory

External rewards.

Intrinsic Motivation

Performing an action or behavior because you enjoy the activity itself.

Extrinsic Motivation

Driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise.

Emotion

Involves physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory

Arousal leads to emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Arousal and emotion happen simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Emotion results from arousal and cognitive label.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Expressions can influence emotions.