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Achievement test
measures how much a person has learned in a given subject or area
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
Flashbulb memory
A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.
Semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
Divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
Amnesia
partial or total loss of memory
anterograde amnesia
is the inability to make new memories
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
retrograde amnesia
is not being able to recall past or prior memories
Down syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Declarative Memories are also called what?
explicit memories
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
Implicit memory
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
What do intelligence tests assess?
an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Babbling
stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds
Regarding children's eyewitness recall, know what professional psychologists could not reliably separate
cannot reliably separate real memories from consistently suggested ones; first interview most reliable.
Working Memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Know about Gardner's Multiple Intelligence
Naturalist, linguistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial.
What did Noam Chomsky argue about grammar?
argued all languages share basic elements called a universal grammar. Theorized humans are born with a predisposition learn grammar rules: not a built-in specific language
Retrieval cues
Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior
Convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Episodic memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Know about Sternberg's Intelligences
expertise, imaginative, thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment
Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
One-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
Concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
