Zoology Unit 1

Greeks and Romans

Greeks and Romans

genus

Zoology

scientific study of animals

Animals

multicellular heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls

organic evolution

change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms over time

1831

When did Darwin observe finches and tortoises on the Galapagos

1859

When did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species

1843

When did darwin conclude that species change over time

natural selection

organisms that are best fit for their environment will survive and reproduce

true

T or F: all organisms reproduce

true

T or F: inherited variations come from genetic mutation

false

organisms most suited for their environment will die

false

adaptive traits present is survivors tend to not be passed onto offspring

Adaptation

characteristic that increases an organism's potential to reproduce in a given environment

true

T or F: the ultimate goal for adaptation is to reproduce

false

T or F: environment never changes

true

T or F: adaptations can be behavioral, physiological, physical, or morphological

Macroevolution

evolutionary processes that result in large scale changes

Biogeography

global distribution of animals

Paleontology

the study of fossils

analogous

2 UNRELATED organisms that have adapted similarly

homologous

2 RELATED organisms that have adapted similarly

analogous

Birds and insects are

Taxonomy

study of naming, defining and classifying animals

Phylogeny

show evolutionary relationships among species

phylogeny trees

relationship between different organisms with respect to evolutionary time and amount of change with time

cladograms

relationship between different organisms with respect to common ancestor

Aristotle

2000 ya

genera

Genus plural

Middle ages

common language

mid 1700s

long, descriptive phrases; subject to change

Carl Linnaeus

father of taxonomy

binomial nomenclature

genus and descriptor

genus

similar species; share important characteristics

species epithet

organisms so closely related they can mate and reproduce fertile offspring

hierarchical system

ever increasing inclusiveness

taxon

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

taxa

taxon plural

8

every organism belongs to at least ___ taxa

30

how many taxonomic ranks are there?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Demented King Phillip Came Over for Great Snacks stands for

Kingdom Animalia

What organisms will we be focusing on?

circulation, respiration, excretion, movement, response and adaptation, obtain and use energy, and reproduce

Characteristics of Animals

levels of organization, division of labor, cephalization

potential additional characteristics

false

potential characteristics: the division of labor is not within the cells

symmetry

how parts are arranged around a point or axis

asymmetry

no central point or axis

radial symmetry

any plane passing through central axis divides animals into mirror images

bilateral symmetry

a single plane passing through longitudinal axis of animal divides into left and right mirror image halves

anterior

head end

posterior

tail end

caudal

towards the tail

cephalic

towards the head

proximal

towards the point of attachment

distal

farther from the point of attachment

dorsal

back of an animal

inferior

belly of an animal

lateral

away from the dividing plane

medial

towards the dividing plane

diploblastic

simple tissue level organization

true

T or F: diploblastic has 2 layers

ectoderm

epidermis; outer layer

endoderm

gastrodermis; inner layer, gut cavity

triploblastic

more complex, organ level organization

mesoderm

bone, muscle, reproductive structures

false

T or F: triploblasts have radial symmetry

true

T or F: triploblasts have bilateral symmetry

Coelom

body cavity located between intestinal canal and body wall

acoelomate

without a body cavity

flatworms

acoelomate example

pseudocoelomate

body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm

roundworms (parasitic)

pseudocoelomate example

coelomate

body cavity lined by mesoderm

annelids

coelomate example

Porifera

"pore bearing"

sea sponges

Porifera example

Cnidaria

"stinging cells"

jellyfish

Cnidaria example

Platyhelminthes

"flatworm"

tapeworms, flukes, planarians

Platyhelminthes examples

Nematoda

"tread"

roundworms, hookworms

Nematoda example

Porifera characteristics

entirely aquatic, asymmetrical, lack distinct tissues

Cnidaria characteristics

sea anemones, corals; diploblastic, radial symmetry

Nematoda characteristics

unsegmented, pseudocoelomate, free living and parasitic

Platyhelminthes characteristics

most primitive triploblastic animals, acoelomate, true head and brain, digestive system has one opening

Mollusca

"soft body"

clams, scallops, snails, octopus

Mollusca examples

Mollusca characteristics

muscular foot, visceral mass, many have calcium carbonate cells

Annelida

"tiny rings"

earthworms, leeches

Annelida examples

Annelida characteristics

segmented, coelomate

Arthropoda

"jointed foot"

insects, spiders, crustaceans

Arthropoda examples

Arthropoda characteristics

most diverse and successful phylum, exoskeleton, segmented

Echinodermata

"spiny skin"

sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars

Echinodermata examples

Echinodermata characteristics

endoskeleton, water vascular system, 5 part radial symmetry

Chordata

"notochord"

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Chordata examples

Chordata characteristics

vertebrates, notochord (nerve cord), most complex, 5% of all species