DNA is the Genetic Material (copy)

The “backbone” of DNA molecule is made of?

The “backbone” of DNA molecule is made of?

Sugar and phosphate

What did Griffith conclude?

heat killed bacteria passed their disease-causing ability

What did Griffith study?

studied bacteria that caused pneumonia

What did Avery Study?

Studied transforming factors and modified Griffiths experiment

What did Avery conclude?

DNA is the transforming factor

What did Hersey-Chase study?

Studied viruses and wanted to see if protein or DNA is the genetic material of a bacteriophage

What did Hershey-Chase conclude?

DNA is the genetic material not protein

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What scientist were involved in discovering the structure of DNA?

Francis Crick, Rosalind Frankling, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins

What is bacteriophage

Virus that infects bacteria and is composed of a DNA or RNA core and a PROTEIN COAT

What is the “backbone” of DNA held together by?

Strong Covalent bonds

4 types of nitrogenous bases?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

What is Adenine and Guanine structure called?

Purines

What is Cytosine and Thymine structure called?

Pyrimidines

How many rings do purines have?

2 rings

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

1 ring

What is the shape of DNA?

Double Helix

Where is DNA found?

All cells and all living organisms

What do cells store?

Cells store genetic information as code

What are the building blocks of DNA?

Sugar, phosphate, and Nitrogen

What bonds do Adenine and Thymine form?

2-h bonds

What bonds do Cytosine and Guanine form?

3-h bonds

What are codes used for?

To make proteins

What are chromosomes made of?

They’re made of DNA

Twisting of double helix caused by?

Pull of Hydrogen Bonds

Building Blocks DNA =

Nucleotides

What is the first step in the process of DNA replication?

DNA helicase “unzips” DNA along weak hydrogen bonds b/w base pairs.

How does each separated strand begin to rebuild a new strand?

Single strand acts a template

What is the origin of each strand in the replicated DNA?

The old strand comes from the parent molecule and the new strand comes from the polymerase

What kind of substance facilitates the hydrogen bonding of nucleotides into a new DNA molecule?

Enzymes

What is the result of the replication of one molecule of DNA?

2 new molecules of DNA

How many strands of mRNA are transcribed from the two “unzipped” strands of DNA?

One strand

What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?

Ribose, Phosphate, and Nitrogen base

How does base pairing differ in RNA and DNA?

A doesn’t pair with T in RNA it pairs with U

What is the function of mRNA?

Carries copy of DNA instruction out of nucleus cytoplasm

What is a codon?

3-nucletoide sequences that cedes for a particular amino acid

What occurs after the process of base pairing is completed?

The mRNA goes into the cytoplasm and the DNA pairs backup

What occurs when a molecule of DNA “unzips”?

Breaks hydrogen bonds

Where does mRNA come from?

The nucleus

Where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?

In the cytoplasm

What is the role of the mRNA codon?

To carry proteins by translating code transcribed in mRNA into an acid sequence

What is the role of the tRNA anticodon?

To base pair with the codon as a strand of mRNA during translation

What binds amino acids together?

Peptide bonds

What is the role of ribosomes in protein production?

Synthesizing proteins by translating the code transcribes in mRNA during translation

Why is the genetic code called a “universal” code?

All living organisms use the same genetic code produce.

What are mutations?

Any change in DNA

What are point mutations?

Mutations that occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.

What is substitution?

Only one base in the gene is copied incorrectly.

What is interstation?

A transmit mutation where a base is added into the sequence

What is detection?

A base is removed from a sequence

What is cell differentiation?

Gives rise to specialized tissues and organs

What is gene regulation?

A cell determines which genes it with or will not express and when.

What is epigenetics?

The study of how different environment and lifestyles factors can alter how our genes behave without changing.