Anatomy Chapter 1

frontal

1

orbital

2

nasal

3

buccal

4

oral

5

mental

6

cervical (front)

7

sternal

8

axillary

9

umbillical

10

pelvic

11

inguinal

12

pubic

13

acromial

14 + 27

deltoid

15

brachial

16 + 28

antecubital

17

antebrachial

18 + 30

carpal

19

digital

20 + 31

coxal

21

femoral

22 + 32

patellar

23

crural

24

fibular

25 + 35

tarsal

26

olencranal

29

popliteal

33

calcaneal

36

plantar

37

occipital

38

cervical (back)

39

scapular

40

vertebral

41

lumbar

42

sacral

43

gluteal

44

sural

34

Anatomy

Structure and shape of the parts. Observed with gross anatomical studies and microscopic studies.

Physiology

How the parts work and function observed with experiments to observe how the body systems react.

How Anatomy and Physiology are related

Structure determines function

Integumentary

External body covering, location of cutaneous receptors. Includes skin

Skeletal

Protects body organs, a framework the muscles use to cause movement, and blood cells are formed within bones. Includes cartilages, joints, and bones.

Nervous

Control system of the body and responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Includes brain sensory receptor, spinal cord, and nerves.

Muscular

Locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture produces heat. Includes skeletal muscles.

Endocrine

Glands secrete hormones. Includes testis, ovary, pancreas, and glands.

Cardiovascular

Transport blood, carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes. Includes heart and blood vessels.

Lymphatic

Picks up fluid leaked returns it to blood and houses white blood cells. Includes thoracic dust, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.

Respiratory

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, and left lung.

Digestive

Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood. Includes esophagus and intestines.

Urinary

Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. Includes kindey and bladder.

Reproductive

Production of offspring. Includes ovary, uterus, testes, and penis.

Thoracic Cavity

A

Diaphragm

B

Abdominal Cavity

C

Pelvic Cavity

D

Spinal Cavity

F

Cranal Cavity

G

Abdominopelvic Cavity

E

Ventral

I

Dorsal

H

Superior

Toward the head end of or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Ventral (anterior)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Saggital Section

Body section that splits right and left halves

Transverse Section

Body section that splits superior and inferior

Frontal/Coronal Section

Body section that splits anterior and posterior

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment, a dynamic state of equilibrium, necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis results in disease/illness

stimulus

1

receptor

2

input

3

output

4

response

5

effector

6

control center

7

efferent pathway

8

afferent pathway

9

imbalance

10

variable

11

Negative Feedback

returns conditions back to “normal” (set point), shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity, ex: body temperature regulation; blood glucose regulation

Positive Feedback

takes body condition away from the normal set point, increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther, ex: blood clot formation; fever; labor; lactation

ACTH

1

CRH

2

Stress

3

Hypothalamus

4

Pituitary

5

Adrenal Cortex

6

Adrenal Medulla

7

Cortisol

8