APES final Terrestrial and Aquatic biomes

Tundra

Characterized by extreme cold and permafrost, with low NPP (≈ 50 g C/m²/yr). Ecosystem services include carbon storage and the albedo effect. Major human impacts involve oil extraction and permafrost thawing due to climate change.

Boreal Forest (Taiga)

Features long, cold winters and short summers, with NPP ranging from 200-400 g C/m²/yr. It serves as a significant carbon reservoir but faces threats from logging and increased wildfire frequency.

Temperate Rainforest

Known for mild temperatures and high rainfall, boasting an NPP of approximately 1,500 g C/m²/yr. It provides essential ecosystem services like freshwater filtration but is threatened by logging and habitat fragmentation.

Woodland/Shrubland

Experiences seasonal droughts and nutrient-poor soils, with an NPP of 500-800 g C/m²/yr. It supports diverse species but is impacted by urban development and fire suppression.

Tropical Rainforest

The most biodiverse biome, with stable temperatures and high NPP (≈ 2,200 g C/m²/yr). It plays a critical role in climate regulation but suffers from deforestation and soil erosion.

Euphotic Zone

The upper layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates, supporting photosynthesis. High productivity and biodiversity are found here, crucial for marine food webs.

Bathyal Zone

The middle layer of the ocean, characterized by dim light and moderate temperatures. It supports various species adapted to lower light conditions.

Abyssal Zone

The deepest part of the ocean, with high pressure and low temperatures. Productivity is low, but unique organisms thrive in this extreme environment.

Coral Reefs

Biodiversity hotspots that provide habitat for numerous marine species. They are highly productive but vulnerable to climate change and ocean acidification.

Estuaries/Marshlands

Transitional areas between land and water, rich in nutrients and biodiversity. They serve as critical habitats for many species and protect coastlines from erosion.