Thinking & Language

Creativity

________: come up with something that is unique and useful.

Confirmation bias

________: looking for /remembering information that agrees with what they already believe but not searching for opposing evidence.

Heuristics

________: shortcuts to solve problem, less time consuming than algorithm but more prone to error.

Critical period

________: if child is not exposed to language before age of 7, they will never acquire language.

Functional fixedness

________: only thinking of familiar functions of an object.

Divergent thinking

________: expanding number of possible solutions.

Morphemes

________: smallest unit of meaningful sound.

Overgeneralization

________: applying grammar rules inappropriately.

Algorithms

________: step- by- step formula with guaranteed solution.

Availability heuristic

________: making judgment based on what comes to mind first.

Linguistic Determination Hypothesis

________ (Benjamin Whorf): languages determines how you think (wrong)

Phonemes

________: smallest unit of sound.

Representative heuristic

________: making quick judgment based on how well something matches prototype for the thing.

Concepts

________: mental grouping of things that have similar features.

Concepts

mental grouping of things that have similar features

Prototype

typical example of concept

Creativity

come up with something that is unique and useful

Divergent thinking

expanding number of possible solutions

Algorithms

step-by-step formula with guaranteed solution

Heuristics

shortcuts to solve problem, less time consuming than algorithm but more prone to error

Insight

aha

Confirmation bias

looking for/remembering information that agrees with what they already believe but not searching for opposing evidence

Belief perseverance

maintaining beliefs even with contradictory evidence

Mental set

approaching a problem using a method that worked in the past

Functional fixedness

only thinking of familiar functions of an object

Representative heuristic

making quick judgment based on how well something matches prototype for the thing

Availability heuristic

making judgment based on what comes to mind first

Framing

decisions are influenced by how problem is framed (presented)

Phonemes

smallest unit of sound

Morphemes

smallest unit of meaningful sound

Syntax

structure

Semantics

meaning

Prosody

tone

Overgeneralization

applying grammar rules inappropriately

Critical period

if child is not exposed to language before age of 7, they will never acquire language

Linguistic Determination Hypothesis (Benjamin Whorf)

languages determines how you think (wrong)

Mental image

Visualization without seeing stimulus

Concepts

Mental grouping of things with similar features

Prototype

Typical example of concept

Creativity

Coming up with something useful and unique

Divergent thinking

Expanding number of possible solutions

Algorithms

Step-by-step formula with guaranteed solution

Heuristics

Shortcuts to solve problem, less time consuming than algorithm but more prone to error

Insight

Aha!

Confirmation bias

Looking for/remembering information that agrees with what they already believe but not searching for opposing evidence

Belief perseverence

Maintaining beliefs even with contradictory evidence

Mental set

Approaching a problem using a method that worked in the past

Functional fixedness

Only thinking of familiar funcitons of an object

Representative heuristic

Making quick judgement based on how well something matches prototype for the thing

Availability heuristic

Making judgment based on what comes to mind first

Framing

Decisions are influenced by how the problem is framed (presented)

Phonemes

Smallest unit of sound

Morphemes

Smallest unit of meaningful sound

Syntax

Structure

Semantics

Meanning

Prosody

Tone

Language aquisition: Stage 1

Babbling (4-12 months)

Language aquisition: Stage 2

One-word stage (12-18 months)

Language aquisition: Stage 3

Two-words stage (18-24 months)

Language aquisition: Stage 4

Sentences (24 months)

Overgeneralization

Applying grammar rules inappropriately

Behavioral perspective

Reinforcement, observational learning

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Congnitive perspective

Biologically programmed, LAD

Critical period

If child is not exposed to language before age of 7, they will never acquire language