Geography: The changing economic world

What is development?

The process where by a country or place is changed from one state to another through economic growth and improved living standards

What is GNI per head?

It is the Gross National Income of a country split amongst the population evenly including the Gross Domestic Product and national income.

What is development?

The process where by a country or place is changed from one state to another through economic growth and improved living standards

What is GNI per head?

It is the Gross National Income of a country split amongst the population evenly including the Gross Domestic Product and national income.

What is the birth rate?

No. of babies born per a 1000 people in a population annually

What is death rate?

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

What is infant mortality rate?

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.

What is people per a doctor?

The number of doctors compared to the number of people

What is literacy rate?

Percent of people in a country who can read and write.

What is access to safe water as a measure of development?

Percentage of people with access to sanitary and safe water free from bacteria and protists

What is life expectancy?

The average age a person can expect to live to at birth

How is GNI a good measure of development?

Shows the size of disposable income in the country; shows how well off a population is thus how developed it is; shows high education as higher paying jobs require more education

How is birth rate a good measure of development?

Shows the investment into healthcare; shows position in the DTM; shows the availability and standard of healthcare; shows whether children are viewed as economic assets

How is death rate/infant mortality a good measure of development?

Shows how sanitary the environment is; could show malnutrition; shows standard of healthcare; shows education; shows investment into healthcare

How is people per a doctor a good measure of development?

Show healthcare availability; shows poorer development if the measure is high as it shows the country is not able to finance health care properly, or fund education for such doctors,

How is literacy rate a good measure of development?

Shows level of education and investment into it, lack of education means the majority of workers do lower skill jobs thus the country will be generating less money

How is access to safe water a good measure of development?

Shows how sanitary environment is; shows level of education as a more educated population would be able to access safe water, shows e=economic development would be able to invest in facilities which could provide clean water

How is life expectancy a good measure of development?

Shows quality of healthcare which shows investment into healthcare which shows but strength of the economy and the level of education and the quality of the environment

What is the HDI?

It is the Human Development index, a measure which uses average life expectancy, level of education and income to calculate a score out of 1.

What does the GNI of a country have to be for the WBO to classify it as a:
Low Income Country
Low Middle Income Country
Upper Middle Income Country
High Income Country

<$1085
$3086-4255
$4256-13205
>$13205

What is the Brandt Line?

An imaginary division that has provided a rough way of dividing all of the counties into the rich North and poor south. It cuts the hemisphere in half approximately, but includes Australia and New Zealand

What are the limitations of the Brandt line?

The model leaves no room for progress and advancement in countries such as the Newly Emerging Economies like the BRICS nations which are advancing at a rapid pace and are majority south

What are physical factors causing uneven development?

Richer countries tend to have coastlines enabling trade, temperate climates, few climatic hazards, fewer climate related diseases
Poor countries tend to be landlocked making trade difficult, tropical climates and diseases; many climatic hazards

What are the human factors causing uneven development?

Richer countries have well educated people, good health systems, welfare systems and benefits, better economies so more job opportunities lower population growth
Poor countries tend to have high population growth and more unstable governments

What are the characteristics of stage 1 in the DTM?

High birth rates, high death rates both fluctuate due to disease death famine, population is fairly stable and low

What are the characteristics of stage 2 in the DTM?

Death rate decreases, birth rate remains high population grows

What are the characteristics of stage 3 in the DTM?

Birth rate drops steeply, death rate continues to decrease but more slowly, population continues to grow but at a lesser rate

What are the characteristics of stage 4 in the DTM?

Low birth rate, low death rate, birth rate tends to fluctuate depending on the economic situation, the population is fairly stable

What are the characteristics of stage 5 in the DTM?

Birth rate is very low and dips below death rate, death rate increases as the population becomes and aging one, total population starts to decrease

What are the limitations of the DTM?

The model is simplified and generalised; it is Euro centric thus may not be applicable to all countries; stage 2 is much quicker due to imports; no mention of population control policy, pandemics and epidemics not taken into account nor migration

At stage 1 of the DTM, what would a population pyramid be like and why?

A triangle with concaving sides as birth rate is high as children are seen as economic assets but so is death rate due to poor quality healthcare as there is a lack of technology or expertise or healthcare

At stage 1 of the DTM, what would a population pyramid be like?

An isosceles triangle as the death rate birth rate are decreasing

From stage 3 to 5 in the DTM, why do birth rates decrease?

Women began to focus on careers rather than solely on family with the introduction of a contraceptive pill; less infant mortality means less children are dying thus a family has no need to have more children, urbanisation makes small families more advantageous

How does conflict lead to uneven development?

Destroyed schools -> less education-> less higher paying jobs, war is economically draining, resources are lost and used, infrastructure is destroyed e.g. 2013 2.5million primary school children were unable to go to school due to conflict

How does colonialism lead to uneven development?

Exploitation of resources, conflict as a result of colonialism, excessive tax collection, could develop the country with the bringing o new technology, money generated by colonised countries is not given back to them, instability

How do natural hazards lead to uneven development?

Infrastructure hospitals schools factories workplaces are destroyed; recovery costs are hefty, causes mass unemployment, destroys livelihoods; emigration reduces workforce, geothermal energy from tectonic hazard prone areas could be farmed and sold for profit

How does climate lead to uneven development?

Extreme climates mean countries have to spend time money and resources dealing with those problems. Makes physical labour difficult. Emigration reduces the workforce. The country might have to depend on imports for food out of inability to grow their own; weker population with less access to healthcare causes the spread of disease

How does location lead to uneven development?

Landlock countries find it difficult to trade where as islands or countries with vast coastlines can build navy and trade faster, perhaps being able to colonise

How doe type of product lead to uneven development?

Primary exports are worth much less than secondary exports as secondary exports add value to the raw materials by manufacturing them. Therefore relying on primary products will mean the country is earning less money in trade.
Relying on one crop means disease to this crop will ruin the economy
Primary good prices are unstable

How does trade lead to uneven development?

Tarrifs on LIC imports to HICs make them much more expensive to LICs than HICs. Quotas on limits on the amount of imports means LICs can only sell a certain amount of their products
Efficient trade require good infrastructure which many LICs don't have

Give one example of disparities in wealth?

The average income in the UK is 40 times that in Chad

Give an example of disparities in infant mortality?

In the UK is ti just 4 per 1000 where as in Chad it is 85 per 1000

What is the rate of unemployment in Nigeria?

75% in 2014

What is the difference between the richest people and the poorest people in terms of wealth, give an example answering this question?

In 2014 the 85 richest people in the world controlled them same amount of wealth as the poorer 50% of the world

Give an example of disparities in life expectancy

HICs like Japan have a life expectancy of 85 where as LICs like Somalia have a life expectancy of 52

Give examples of disparities in prevalence of disease

LICs have more HIV and Malaria cases, and easily treated diseases such as tuberculosis and diarrhoea are fatal in LICs due to lack of medicine facilities and vaccinations

How does wealth affect health?

More wealth mean:
Beter healthcare, emergency services, hospitals clinics and facilities
There are more doctors trained
More research into disease
More investment into making and rolling out treatment e.g. vaccines
More knowledge on healthy lifestyle and on how everyday people can protect from disease

Give some push factors with examples linking to migration in Africa which cause economic migration

50% of senegal's population are under 24 meaning there are not enough people
Lack of training and investment in education in Niger causes high unemployment especially worsens as the population is expected to triple by 2050

Give push factors with example linking to migration in Africa which causes forced migration

Desertification - by 2020 50 million sub saharan Africans will be affected as it causes widespread lack of food, which damages the economy as the country relies on primary product
War/Conflict - 50,000 dead in 2 year South Sudan Civil War
Eritrea's forced conscription causes many to leave

immigrant

A person who moves into a new country

emigrant

A person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere.

economic migrant

a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life , such as a better paid jobs or benefits like education and healthcare

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Displaced person

A person who is forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin

Brain Drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

What are the opportunities for development in the country of origin as a result of migration?

Remittances are given to family, often with more powerful salary improving quality of life of people in the receiving countries and gicing them and income flow

What are the opportunities for development in the other country as a result of migration?

Increase in talented and skill workers which the country didn't have to invest in itself
Migrants pay tax
Migrants are prepared to work hard manual job (primary sector)
Increased cultural diversity

What are the barriers to development in the country of origin as a result of migration?

Brain drain, leaves behind a highly dependent/aging population

What are the barriers to development in the other country as a result of migration?

Pressure on public services if migrants work without paying tax, high competition for jobs, emigrants possibly experience discrimination on both sides

What were the push and pull factors for economic migration in Poland?

Push: Unemployment in Poland was close to 20%
Pull: Uk minimum wage is 5 times as great; lots of opportunities for higher education

How is the development of Jamaica?

Population: 2.95 million
GNI per capita: $9770 USD
HDI: 0.732
Adult literacy rate: 88.1%
Life Expectancy: 74.27 years
Doctors per a 1000 people: 1.3061
It is an Upper Middle Income country

How much of Jamaica's GDP comes from tourism?

24% expected to rise to 32% by 2024

How much income does tourism contribute each year to Jamaica?

$2 billion

How much do tourists spend in Jamaica?

An annual 1.1 million cruisers spend $70 a day where as the 2.5 million other visitors spend and average of $120 a day

What is the contribution to Jamaican of tourism with:
a) Transport/ Communications
b) Property
c) Agriculture and fishing
d) Utilities
e) Manufacturing
f) Wholesale/retail
g) Construction
h) Finance

a) 26%
b) 25%
c) 21%
d) 19%
e) 18%
f) 16%
g) 14%
h) 8%

How has tourism created employment in Jamaica?

Being the main source of employment, it provides 200,000 jobs directly in hotels and tourist attractions or indirectly in manufacturing shops and banking

How has tourism resulted in improved infrastructure?

There are high levels of investment in infrastructure on the North Coast. New port and cruise liner facilities have been built at Trelawney together with new hotel accommodations. However improvements in roads and airports have been slow and some pats of the island remain isolated

How does tourism negatively impact the environment?

Footpath erosion, excessive waste and harmful emissions

How does tourism positively impact the environment?

Promotes conservation and landscaping projects such as Montego Bay on the North coast and water treatment plants in Logwood

What is FDI?

Money invested into other countries by TNCs called Foreign Direct Investments

A multiplier effect

whe investment in TNCs triggersadditional investment in housing education infrastructure

What is a TNC?

(transnational corporation) a large company that operates in several countries.

How do TNCs benefit the host country?

TNCs have to buy land from the host country
TNCs emply people in the hot country
TNCs bring new technology
TNCs might develop infrastructure to aid their business but indirectly helping locals

How can TNCs be bad for the host country?

Worker's rights may be abused
Environmental laws are abused
Workers aid below minmum wage
Income the TNC generates is largely taxed by the country of the TNCS

What is aid?

when a country or NGO donates resources to another country to help it develop or improve people's lives

What are the different forms of aid?

Money, Emergency supplies, food such as rice and wheat, skills

What are the types of aid?

Multilateral aid, long term development aid, bilateral aid emergency aid, conditional aid

What is multilateral aid?

Money from HICs is donated to NGOs such as the World Bank to be redistributed to LICs.

What is bilateral aid?

Aid from one country to another

What is emegrency aid?

Aid given in emergency situations

What is long term development aid?

is a continuous programme which aims to improve standards of living.

Give an example of top down and bottom up aid?

Bottom up: Goat Aid

Top Down: TaZara Railway

Describe the Goat aid project from Oxfam?

Since 2005 over 3000 families in Malawi have received goats

How is goat aid beneficial?

Goat is a source of income: It can be milked, can be sold, can be used as food, it can produce even more kids (6 kids a year), its manure can be used as fertiliser to increase harvests

It is appropriate technology

What are the potential challenges of the goat aid?

the goats need shelter, and poor families cannot afford this.
the goats need food and water which some families may not afford.
transporting the goat to Africa could be expensive and difficult.
veterinary care would be expensive.
the family would need to be taught how to care for the goat properly.

Describe the TaZara China rAILWAY?

A single track railway connecting the port of Dar es Salaam in East Africa to the town of Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia' central province, done from 1970-1975

How much did the TaZara railway cost?

USD 406 million, 2.76 billion in today's money

Advantages of the TaZara railway?

- Creates jobs ( 38,000 Tanzanian and Zambian workers)
- facilitates trade between countries
- facilitates migration and the expansion of settlements

Disadvantages of the Tazara railway?

Very expensive costing China $2.67 billion USD
Did not gain expected amount of traffic
There is still a loan in place of 988 million YUAN

In what ways does industrial development help a country?

This is because an industrially developed country can make secondary products which have more value then primary products.
These higher prices can be taxed to aid development

Can lead to a multiplier efffect

Why do primary products have less value?

Their over production can result in prices going down
Import tariffs make it more expensive for LICs to export to HICs

What is the annual growth rate of Vietnam?

7%

How much of Vietnam works in the primary sector?

56%

How much does the secondary sector employ in Vietnam?

43%, generates most of the GNI

Why has the secondary sector grown in Vietnam?

TNCs locate here due to cheap labour a growing home market and fewer industrial and environmental laws and restrictions

How many plants do Nike have in Vietnam and what is the demographic of their workers?

34 plants with the majority of workers being women under age of 25

How much have exports rose by in Vietnam?

18% from 2012

What are the main exports of Vietnam?

Crude oil, textiles, garments, footwear, fish products, electronics

What are the destinations of Vietnam exprots?

19% go to USA, the rest spread mainly across Japan China and Australia

As a result of recent economic growth what international committees has Vietnam joined?

ASEAN community in 2015
WTO in 2007

Pros of aid in general?

- Emergency aid saves lives in disaster
- Helps rebuild livelihoods and houses after disaster
- Provision of medical training medicines and equipment can improve health standards of living
- Encourages industrial development - any knock on effects
- Can support countries developing natural resources and power supplies
- Can improve water and sanitation

Cons of aid in general

- Increases dependency of LICS
- May need to be repaid
- Corruption can hinder aid form working
- Infrastructure projects may not benefit employees but employers
- Could result in profits and resources being sent abroad
- Some development project lead to food and water costing more