3rd test

MHC proteins are "self proteins" which can hold foreign antigen fragments for presentation to other immune cells.  

True

Which of the following is false concerning TH cells?

are activated when their receptor binds to MHC I protein + a specific Antigen on the APC surface

Which of the following is NOT a method by which Antigen/Antibody complexes a mechanism of antibody action?

Fusion

The ___________ defense system includes the first and second line of defenses. 

Innate

Which robust immune cell develops from monocytes and is phagocytic.

Macrophages

T-cells (T-lymphocytes) are associated with the __________ immunity of the adaptive defense.

Cellular

Which of the following is a nonspecific immune cell that kills infected or cancerous human cells?

Natural Killer Cells (Nk)

How do immune cells recognize pathogens versus "self" cells (ex. muscle cells)?

Receptor and antigen recognition

A benefit of inflammation includes disposing of cell debris and pathogens by flushing them into the lymphatic system.

True

Which of the following describes "opsonization?"

Complement proteins or antibodies coat pathogens to ehance phagocytosis

The innate and adaptive defenses are completely separate systems that are NOT intertwined. (i.e. no cross-talk/synergy)

False

Which cell type can present fragments of foriegn antigens (along with MHC) to activate T cells?

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Which of the following best describes interferons (IFNs).

They are released by virus infected cells to warn healthy, neighboring cells.

Which is not one of the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

paralysis

The ___________ defense system includes the third line of defense and is also known as the "specific defense system."

Adaptive

B-cells (B-lymphocytes) are associated with the __________ immunity of the adaptive defense.

Humoral

The (plasma) B-cells produce and release _________ against a specific antigen.

Antibodies

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG and IgE are all types of ______

Antibodies

Both T-cells and B-cells are produced in the bone marrow. Where do T-cells mature following their production?

Thymus

You just received a Covid booster shot. This is an example of:

artificially occuring active immunity

Which of the following spirometry measurements represents the ventilation volume changes during quiet, normal breathing?

Tidal volume

Obstructive pulmonary diseases can result in lung hyperinflation.

True

Which of the following is the exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between the lungs and the blood?

External respiration

Which of the following is the movement of air into and out of the lung?

Pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following structures is a conducting zone? 

Alveoli

Is the PCO₂ higher, lower, or about the same as the PO₂ in the arterial blood?

Lower

During inspiration, the thoracic volume _________ and there is a _________ in thoracic pressure which pulls air into the lungs.

Increases; decrease

Ventilation-perfusion coupling/balancing is described as matching blood flow to the amount of alveoli ventilation. 

True

Is PO₂ in the arterial blood higher, lower, or about the same as the venous blood?

Higher

Which of the following spirometry measurements represents the sum of all lung volumes, including residual volume?

Total lung capacity

With an increase in blood CO₂ you can expect a _________ in blood pH and a ________ in ventilation rate.

Decrease; increase

Which of the following decreases the surface tension of the lungs which prevents the collapse of individual alveoli?

Surfactant

Which of the following muscles contribute to normal inspiration. 

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

What is the primary transporter of CO₂ in the blood?

Bicarbonate ions

What is the primary transporter of CO₂ in the blood?

Bicarbonate ions

Which of the following muscles contribute to normal expiration.

None, it is a passive process due to elastic recoil

During expiration, the thoracic volume _________ and there is a _________ in thoracic pressure which pushes are out of the lungs.

Decreases;  increase

Which of the following is the exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between the systemic blood vessels and the working tissue?

Internal respiration

Is the PCO₂ in the venous blood higher, lower, or about the same as the working tissue?

About the same

Which of the following is a normal pleural cavity pressure?

-4 mmhg

This layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis:

Muscularis externa

Which of the following is TRUE concerning the epithelial lining of the digestive tract

stratified squamous from mouth through 2/3 of esophagus; simple columnar from here until anus; stratified squamous in anus

The _______ produces bile.

Liver

The gallbladder's primary function is to ______

Store bile

Located in the gastric pits which of the following cells secrete pepsinogen?

Chief cells

Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are absorbed via the same processes in the small intestine. 

False

Which of the following anatomical structures is the outer-most layer of the digetive tract and is mostly comprised of connective tissue?

Serosa

This layer of the digestive tract contains the blood vessels that absorb nutrients:

Mucosa

Which organ supplies most of the enzymes needed to complete digestion of macromolecules in the duodenum?

Pancreas

Where is bile released into the GI tract?

Duodenum

The primary and only purpose of the large intestine is to store feces.

False

Located in the gastric pits which of the following glands cells secrete HCl acid?

Parietal cells

Which of the following processes ensures a food bolus propels down the esophagus, unidirectionally. 

Peristalsis

Define bacterial flora.

Found mainly in the large intestine, beneficial bacteria for nutritional and protective purposes. 

Which of the following is an enzyme that breaks down starch?

Amylase

Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?

stomach

This layer of the digetive tract typically consists of fibers running in two directions. In the stomach, however, a third layer allows for the "churning" movements of the stomach:

Muscularis externa

Which of the following is the last segment of the small intestine? (with respect to the direction food chyme passes through)

Ileum

Which of the following substances emulsifies fats?

Bile

What happens to the remnants of proteins & carbohydrates after they are absorbed into the bloodstream:

pass through splenic portal vein to liver spleen processing