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MHC proteins are "self proteins" which can hold foreign antigen fragments for presentation to other immune cells.
True
Which of the following is false concerning TH cells?
are activated when their receptor binds to MHC I protein + a specific Antigen on the APC surface
Which of the following is NOT a method by which Antigen/Antibody complexes a mechanism of antibody action?
Fusion
The ___________ defense system includes the first and second line of defenses.
Innate
Which robust immune cell develops from monocytes and is phagocytic.
Macrophages
T-cells (T-lymphocytes) are associated with the __________ immunity of the adaptive defense.
Cellular
Which of the following is a nonspecific immune cell that kills infected or cancerous human cells?
Natural Killer Cells (Nk)
How do immune cells recognize pathogens versus "self" cells (ex. muscle cells)?
Receptor and antigen recognition
A benefit of inflammation includes disposing of cell debris and pathogens by flushing them into the lymphatic system.
True
Which of the following describes "opsonization?"
Complement proteins or antibodies coat pathogens to ehance phagocytosis
The innate and adaptive defenses are completely separate systems that are NOT intertwined. (i.e. no cross-talk/synergy)
False
Which cell type can present fragments of foriegn antigens (along with MHC) to activate T cells?
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Which of the following best describes interferons (IFNs).
They are released by virus infected cells to warn healthy, neighboring cells.
Which is not one of the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
paralysis
The ___________ defense system includes the third line of defense and is also known as the "specific defense system."
Adaptive
B-cells (B-lymphocytes) are associated with the __________ immunity of the adaptive defense.
Humoral
The (plasma) B-cells produce and release _________ against a specific antigen.
Antibodies
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG and IgE are all types of ______
Antibodies
Both T-cells and B-cells are produced in the bone marrow. Where do T-cells mature following their production?
Thymus
You just received a Covid booster shot. This is an example of:
artificially occuring active immunity
Which of the following spirometry measurements represents the ventilation volume changes during quiet, normal breathing?
Tidal volume
Obstructive pulmonary diseases can result in lung hyperinflation.
True
Which of the following is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood?
External respiration
Which of the following is the movement of air into and out of the lung?
Pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following structures is a conducting zone?
Alveoli
Is the PCO2 higher, lower, or about the same as the PO2 in the arterial blood?
Lower
During inspiration, the thoracic volume _________ and there is a _________ in thoracic pressure which pulls air into the lungs.
Increases; decrease
Ventilation-perfusion coupling/balancing is described as matching blood flow to the amount of alveoli ventilation.
True
Is PO2 in the arterial blood higher, lower, or about the same as the venous blood?
Higher
Which of the following spirometry measurements represents the sum of all lung volumes, including residual volume?
Total lung capacity
With an increase in blood CO2 you can expect a _________ in blood pH and a ________ in ventilation rate.
Decrease; increase
Which of the following decreases the surface tension of the lungs which prevents the collapse of individual alveoli?
Surfactant
Which of the following muscles contribute to normal inspiration.
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
What is the primary transporter of CO2 in the blood?
Bicarbonate ions
What is the primary transporter of CO2 in the blood?
Bicarbonate ions
Which of the following muscles contribute to normal expiration.
None, it is a passive process due to elastic recoil
During expiration, the thoracic volume _________ and there is a _________ in thoracic pressure which pushes are out of the lungs.
Decreases; increase
Which of the following is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the systemic blood vessels and the working tissue?
Internal respiration
Is the PCO2 in the venous blood higher, lower, or about the same as the working tissue?
About the same
Which of the following is a normal pleural cavity pressure?
-4 mmhg
This layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis:
Muscularis externa
Which of the following is TRUE concerning the epithelial lining of the digestive tract
stratified squamous from mouth through 2/3 of esophagus; simple columnar from here until anus; stratified squamous in anus
The _______ produces bile.
Liver
The gallbladder's primary function is to ______
Store bile
Located in the gastric pits which of the following cells secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are absorbed via the same processes in the small intestine.
False
Which of the following anatomical structures is the outer-most layer of the digetive tract and is mostly comprised of connective tissue?
Serosa
This layer of the digestive tract contains the blood vessels that absorb nutrients:
Mucosa
Which organ supplies most of the enzymes needed to complete digestion of macromolecules in the duodenum?
Pancreas
Where is bile released into the GI tract?
Duodenum
The primary and only purpose of the large intestine is to store feces.
False
Located in the gastric pits which of the following glands cells secrete HCl acid?
Parietal cells
Which of the following processes ensures a food bolus propels down the esophagus, unidirectionally.
Peristalsis
Define bacterial flora.
Found mainly in the large intestine, beneficial bacteria for nutritional and protective purposes.
Which of the following is an enzyme that breaks down starch?
Amylase
Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?
stomach
This layer of the digetive tract typically consists of fibers running in two directions. In the stomach, however, a third layer allows for the "churning" movements of the stomach:
Muscularis externa
Which of the following is the last segment of the small intestine? (with respect to the direction food chyme passes through)
Ileum
Which of the following substances emulsifies fats?
Bile
What happens to the remnants of proteins & carbohydrates after they are absorbed into the bloodstream:
pass through splenic portal vein to liver spleen processing