CH6 Bones & Skeletal Tissues (pg. 204)

Skeletal

A _______ cartilage is made of cartilage tissue sculpted to fit its body location and function.

Water

Cartilage consists primarily of _______, making it resilient and able to spring back after compression.

Nerves; blood vessels

Cartilage contains no _______ or _______.

Perichondrium

The _______ is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage and resists outward expansion.

Blood vessels

The perichondrium also contains _______ that nourish cartilage cells.

Chondrocytes; lacunae

Cartilage cells are called _______, which are found in small cavities called _______.

Hyaline; elastic; fibrocartilage

The three types of cartilage tissue are _______, _______, and _______.

Hyaline

_______ cartilage looks like frosted glass, provides support with flexibility and resilience, and is the most abundant type.

Chondrocytes; collagen

Hyaline cartilage contains spherical _______ and fine _______ fibers.

Articular

_______ cartilage covers the ends of most bones at movable joints.

Costal

_______ cartilage connects the ribs to the sternum.

Respiratory

_______ cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and reinforces other respiratory passageways.

Nasal

_______ cartilage supports the external nose.

Elastic

_______ cartilage resembles hyaline but contains more elastic fibers, allowing repeated bending.

External ear; epiglottis

Elastic cartilage is found in the _______ and the _______.

Fibrocartilage

_______ cartilage is highly compressible with great tensile strength and consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers.

Menisci; intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage is found in the _______ of the knee and the _______ between vertebrae.

Flexible

Unlike bone, cartilage has a _______ matrix that can accommodate mitosis.

Embryonic

Cartilage is ideal for laying down the _______ skeleton and providing for new skeletal growth.

Two

Cartilage grows in _______ ways.

Appositional

In _______ growth, cartilage-forming cells in the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue.

Outside (external face)

In appositional growth, cartilage grows by adding new matrix to the _______ of the cartilage.

Interstitial

In _______ growth, lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

Inside (within)

In interstitial growth, cartilage expands from the _______.

Adolescence

Cartilage growth typically ends during _______ when the skeleton stops growing.

Calcium

Calcified cartilage is hardened due to _______ salts but is not the same as bone.

Support

Bones provide a framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs. This function is called _______.

Protection

The fused bones of the skull protect the brain, vertebrae surround the spinal cord, and the rib cage protects thoracic organs. This function is

Anchorage

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons and use bones as levers to move the body. This function is called _______.

Calcium; phosphate

Bone serves as a reservoir for minerals, especially _______ and _______, releasing them into the bloodstream as needed.

Red

Most blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in the _______ marrow of certain bones.

Yellow

Fat is stored as _______ marrow in the cavities of long bones, serving as an energy source.

Osteocalcin

Bones produce _______, a hormone that regulates insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure.

Support

Bones provide a framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs. This is the function of _______.

Protection

The skull protecting the brain, vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord, and rib cage protecting thoracic organs are examples of the function of

Anchorage

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons and use bones as levers to move the body. This is the function of _______.

Mineral storage

Bone serves as a reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphate. This is the function of _______.

Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Most blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in the red marrow of certain bones. This is the function of _______.

Triglyceride (fat) storage

Fat, stored as yellow marrow in the cavities of long bones, provides energy. This is the function of _______.

Hormone production

Bones produce osteocalcin, a hormone that regulates insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and energy use. This is the function of _______.

Support; protection; anchorage; mineral storage; blood cell formation (hematopoiesis); triglyceride (fat) storage; hormone production

The seven important functions of bones are: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.

axial and appendicular

The human skeleton has 206 named bones, divided into two groups:

Axial

The _______ skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Protect; support; carry

The axial skeleton primarily functions to _______, _______, or _______ other body parts.

Appendicular

The _______ skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Locomotion (movement)

The appendicular skeleton primarily enables _______ and manipulation of the environment.

Long; short; flat; irregular

Bones are classified by shape into four categories: _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Long

bones are considerably longer than they are wide, with a shaft plus two ends. Examples include most limb bones except the patella, wrist, and ankle bones.

Long

The three bones in each finger are classified as _______ bones, even though they are small.

Short

_______ bones are roughly cube-shaped; examples include bones of the wrist and ankle.

Sesamoid

_______ bones are a special type of short bone that form in a tendon, such as the patella.

Pull of a tendon; friction

Some sesamoid bones alter the direction of _______, while others reduce _______ and modify pressure on tendons.

Flat

_______ bones are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. Examples include the sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most cranial bones.

Irregular

_______ bones have complicated shapes that fit none of the other classes. Examples include the vertebrae and hip bones.

Long

The femur (thigh bone) is classified as a _______ bone.

Long

The phalanges (finger bones) are classified as _______ bones, even though they are small.

Short

The wrist bones (carpals) are classified as _______ bones.

Short

The ankle bones (tarsals) are classified as _______ bones.

Sesamoid

The patella is a _______ bone, a special type of short bone formed in a tendon.

Flat

The sternum (breastbone) is classified as a _______ bone.

Flat

The scapulae (shoulder blades) are classified as _______ bones.

Flat

The ribs are classified as _______ bones.

Flat

The cranial bones of the skull are mostly _______ bones.

Irregular

The vertebrae are classified as _______ bones.

Irregular

The hip bones are classified as _______ bones.

Compact

The dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid is called _______ bone.

Spongy

The internal honeycomb of needle-like or flat pieces is called _______ bone, also known as trabecular bone.

Trabeculae

The small needle-like or flat pieces in spongy bone are called _______ (“little beams”).

Diaphysis

The tubular shaft that forms the long axis of a bone is the _______.

Medullary

The central cavity of the diaphysis that contains no bone tissue is the _______ cavity.

Yellow

In adults, the medullary cavity contains _______ marrow, also called the yellow marrow cavity.

Epiphyses (singular: epiphysis)

The bone ends are called the _______.

Epiphyseal

A remnant of the growth plate, found between the diaphysis and epiphysis in adults, is the _______ line.

Epiphyseal (growth)

A disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone is the _______ plate.

Metaphysis

The flared region where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet is the _______.

Periosteum

The double-layered covering on the external surface of the bone (except at joints) is the _______.

Fibrous

The outer layer of the periosteum, made of dense irregular connective tissue, is the _______ layer.

Osteoprogenitor

The inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum contains _______ cells, primitive stem cells that give rise to most bone cells.

Perforating (Sharpey’s)

Bundles of collagen fibers that secure the periosteum to bone are called _______ fibers.

Endosteum

The delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces is the _______.

Blood vessels; nerves

Bones are richly supplied with _______ and _______, which explains why fractures are painful and bleed profusely.

Nutrient; nutrient

The main vessels serving the diaphysis are the _______ artery and _______ vein.

Nutrient

The hole in the diaphysis wall through which the nutrient vessels enter is the _______ foramen.

Red

Hematopoietic tissue is also called _______ marrow.

Diaphysis

In infants, red marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the _______ and in all areas of spongy bone.

Red

Yellow marrow in the medullary cavity can revert to _______ marrow if a person becomes very anemic.

Projections; surfaces; depressions (and openings)

Bone markings fit into three categories: _______ for muscle/ligament attachment, _______ that form joints, and _______ for blood vessels and nerves.

Remodeling

Bone is a dynamic living tissue because its cells continuously resorb and deposit bone in a process called _______.

Osteoprogenitor

Mitotically active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum are called _______ cells (also known as osteogenic cells).

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix are called _______.

Osteoid

The unmineralized bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts is called the _______.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that occupy lacunae and maintain the bone matrix are _______.

Stress (or strain)

Osteocytes act as _______ sensors, detecting mechanical strain and communicating with osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Bone lining

Flat cells found on bone surfaces where remodeling is not occurring are called _______ cells.

Osteoclasts

Giant, multinucleated cells derived from the white blood cell lineage that break down bone are _______.

Ruffled

The distinctive border of an osteoclast that increases surface area for bone resorption is called the _______ border.

Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone is the _______, also called the Haversian system.

Lamellar

Compact bone is also called _______ bone because it is made of thin plates called lamellae.

Lamella

Each ring of bone matrix in an osteon is a _______.

Twister

Collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae run in opposite directions, making the osteon a “_______ resister”.