civ quiz (IM COOKED)

Philip II of Spain

A staunch Catholic king who fought Protestantism and Islam, leading wars against Protestants in the Netherlands and the Spanish Armada against England.

Mercantilism

An economic policy aimed at increasing wealth through accumulating gold and silver and maintaining a favorable balance of trade.

Commercial Revolution

A period of European economic expansion, trade, and colonialism from the 15th to 18th centuries, characterized by banking and global trade networks.

Elizabethan Settlement

The religious arrangement established by Elizabeth I, making Anglicanism the official faith while allowing some Catholic traditions.

Spanish Armada

A fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England; its defeat marked Spain's decline as a naval power.

Puritans

A Protestant group seeking to purify the Church of England of Catholic elements.

The Glorious Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of James II by William and Mary in 1688, leading to constitutional monarchy in England.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 law issued by Henry IV granting religious tolerance and political rights to Huguenots in France.

Treaty of Westphalia

The 1648 treaty that ended the 30 Years War, weakening the HRE and Spain while recognizing Dutch and Swiss independence.

Defenestration of Prague

An event that triggered the 30 Years War when Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window.

Hapsburgs

A royal family that ruled Austria, Spain, and parts of the Holy Roman Empire, known for their Catholic faith.

30 Years War

A major conflict from 1618 to 1648 between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, evolving into a political struggle.

Oliver Cromwell

A Puritan military leader who led the New Model Army in the English Civil War and established a Puritan dictatorship during the Commonwealth.

Life during the Commonwealth

A period of strict moral laws in England under Cromwell, allowing religious tolerance for most except Catholics.

Personal Rule

The period when Charles I ruled England without Parliament for 11 years, leading to his conflict with it and the Puritans.

Bill of Rights

A document that limited the monarchy's powers, established Parliament's authority over taxation, and prohibited Catholic monarchs.

Fronde Rebellions

Noble uprisings in France (1648-1653) that sought power during a time of religious conflict between Catholics and Huguenots.

Henry IV

The first Bourbon king of France who converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes for Huguenot rights.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their territories.