civ quiz (IM COOKED)

Spain

Phillip II of Spain

• How and who did he fight for Catholicism?
  Philip II was a staunch Catholic who fought Protestantism and Islam. He led Spain in wars against Protestant rebels in the Netherlands, backed the Spanish Armada against Protestant England, and waged war against the Ottoman Turks in the Mediterranean (Battle of Lepanto, 1571). He also used the Inquisition to suppress heresy within Spain.

• What is Mercantilism? (what are its characteristics?)
  Mercantilism is an economic policy where nations sought to increase their wealth and power by accumulating gold and silver and maintaining a favorable balance of trade. Characteristics include:

  • Government control of the economy

  • Colonial expansion to secure resources

  • Exporting more than importing

  • Tariffs and monopolies to protect domestic industries

The Dutch

• What caused the Dutch to revolt against Spain?
  The Dutch revolted (1568-1648) due to:

  • High taxes imposed by Spain

  • Philip II’s persecution of Protestants (many Dutch were Calvinist)

  • Spanish attempts to centralize power, limiting Dutch autonomy

• Why were they unique from the rest of Europe (political, religious & economic)?

  • Political: The Dutch created a republic (the United Provinces), unlike the monarchies of most of Europe.

  • Religious: They were religiously tolerant, allowing Protestants, Catholics, and Jews to live peacefully.

  • Economic: They led the Commercial Revolution, focusing on trade, banking, and a powerful merchant class.

• What is the Commercial Revolution? What is Capitalism?

  • The Commercial Revolution (15th–18th centuries) was a period of European economic expansion, trade, and colonialism, marked by banking, joint-stock companies, and global trade networks.

  • Capitalism is an economic system where trade and industry are privately owned for profit, emphasizing free markets, investment, and competition.

England

• How did Elizabeth solve the religious problems of her nation?

  • Established the Elizabethan Settlement, making Anglicanism the official faith while allowing some Catholic traditions.

  • Required outward conformity to the Church of England but avoided extreme persecution.

• How did Elizabeth ease the financial problems in England?

  • Encouraged trade and colonization (e.g., Virginia colony).

  • Allowed privateers like Francis Drake to raid Spanish ships.

  • Avoided costly wars.

• Why is 1588 important to the empires of England and Spain?
  The Spanish Armada was defeated by England, marking Spain’s decline as a naval power and England’s rise as a dominant force.

• How & why do Mary Queen of Scots & Philip II of Spain challenge Elizabeth?

  • Mary, a Catholic, was seen as the rightful heir to England by Catholics and plotted against Elizabeth. Elizabeth had her executed in 1587.

  • Philip II, angered by Elizabeth’s Protestant rule and English piracy, launched the Spanish Armada in 1588.

• Who were the Puritans?
  A Protestant group who wanted to “purify” the Church of England of Catholic elements.

• How do the Stuarts feel about divine right?
  The Stuart kings (James I and Charles I) believed in divine right, meaning their power came directly from God and should not be questioned by Parliament.

• What is James I's contribution to English religion?
  Authorized the King James Bible (1611), a major English translation of the Bible.

• How did Charles I upset Parliament and the Puritans?

  • Ruled without Parliament for 11 years (Personal Rule)

  • Raised taxes without consent

  • Imposed Anglican practices on Puritans and Scots, leading to revolt

• Who is Oliver Cromwell and who does he lead?

  • A Puritan military leader who led the New Model Army against Charles I in the English Civil War.

• What happens to Charles I?
  He was tried for treason and executed in 1649, making England a republic (Commonwealth).

• What is life like during the Commonwealth?

  • England was ruled as a Puritan dictatorship under Cromwell.

  • Strict moral laws (no dancing, theater, or gambling).

  • Religious tolerance (except for Catholics).

• Who is restored to the throne?
  Charles II in 1660 (Restoration).

• What does James II do to upset Parliament?

  • He was openly Catholic.

  • Appointed Catholics to high positions.

  • Had a Catholic son, threatening a Catholic dynasty.

• Who replaced James II? Why is it called the Glorious Revolution?

  • William and Mary replaced James II in 1688.

  • Called “Glorious” because it was bloodless—James fled to France.

• What was guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?

  • Limited monarchy

  • Parliament’s power over taxation and laws

  • Free speech in Parliament

  • No Catholic monarchs

France

• Why was there instability in France in the late 1600s? Who was fighting?a

  • Religious wars between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants).

  • Nobles fought for power during the Fronde Rebellions (1648-1653).

• Why is Henry IV important to French history?

  • First Bourbon king of France.

  • Converted to Catholicism to unite France.

  • Issued the Edict of Nantes to give Huguenots religious freedom.

• What does Henry mean when he says “Paris is well worth a mass”?

  • He converted to Catholicism to gain the throne, implying that ruling France was worth changing religion.

• What is the Edict of Nantes?
  A 1598 law that granted Huguenots religious tolerance and political rights in France.

Holy Roman Empire (HRE)

• What was the Peace of Augsburg?

  • A 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for their states.

• How did the 30 Years War start?

  • Began in 1618 as a conflict between Catholics and Protestants in the HRE.

  • The Defenestration of Prague triggered it when Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window.

• What faith were the Hapsburgs?
  Catholic—they ruled Austria, Spain, and parts of the HRE.

• What did the Treaty of Westphalia do?

  • Ended the 30 Years War (1648).

  • Weakened the HRE and Spain.

  • Recognized the independence of the Dutch and Swiss.

  • Allowed German states to choose their religion.

• What did Europe look like at the end of the 30 Years War?

  • Germany was fragmented into over 300 independent states.

  • France gained power.

  • Spain and the Hapsburgs were weakened.

• What makes the 30 Years War a political conflict?

  • France (Catholic) supported Protestants to weaken the Hapsburgs.

  • The war became less about religion and more about power struggles in Europe.

• What are the major results of the 30 Years War?

  • Ended religious wars in Europe.

  • Strengthened state sovereignty (each ruler could choose religion).

  • France became the most powerful country in Europe.