TOA AUSAT Reviewer

Functional Design

deals with the development of a plan arrangement to serve in a purely mechanical way the functions of the biuldings

Logical Beauty

the building may remain only an engineering structure, which is without the spirit of beauty

Aesthetic Design

must have beauty; beauty comes from an intelligent consideration and combination of function and structure

Function of the Structure

arranging volumes in such a way that they are adapted to human use

Relationship of Units

correct placing for proper circulation between

Physical Qualities of Units

correct size and shape for equipment, furniture and circulation within

Strength of the Structure

require that materials and construction be used economically and logically

Appearance of Structure

it is necessary that a building be organized for appearance

Contrast

is the opposite of similarity

Contrast of Form

2D area - shape; 3D - mass/volume

Contrast of Line

reference to direction

Contrast of Size

refers to objects which vary in size

Gradiation

change in size that is gradual and uniform

Contrast of Tone

contrast in texture, opening or planes

Contrast of Mass

contrast of vertical and horizontal volumes

Contrast of Direction

horizontal and vertical details

Contrast of Treatment

surface finish

Emphasis

dominating factor in contrast

Proportion

a matter of relationships

Relative Proportion

parts of the object as it is

Absolute Proportion

Parts of the object or the whole to the various parts

Scale

has reference to proportions; deals with the relation of architectural motifs to the human figure

Generic Scale

size of a building element relative to other forms in its context

Human Scale

size of a building element or space relative to the dimensions and proportion of a human body

Symmetrical Balance

balance is equality; elements are arranged precisely in the same manner on either side

Unsymmetrical Balance (Occult Balance)

more subtle and elusive balance

Rhythm

organized movement

Unity

must have contrast, rhythm and scale; suggests harmony

Character

grows out of the function of the building

Function

use of the building

Association

influence of traditional types

Personal Character

an emotional reaction of the observer

Logical Function; Sound Construction; Beautiful Composition

essentials of the structure

Form

primary identifying characteristic of a volume; determined by the shape and interrelationships of the planes that describe the boundaries of the volume

Mass-Volume

evidence of the 3rd dimension

Direction

either vertical or horizontal

Shape

geometric qualities

Surface-Area

surface with two-dimensions

Texture

identified with materials, rough or smooth, etc.

Tone

light and shade caused by openings, projections, etc.

Color

inherent or applied ______ caused by spectrum hues.

Shape (Property of Form)

the principal identifying characteristic of form; results from the specific configuration of a form's surface and edges

Size (Property of Form)

the real dimensions of form

Color (Property of Form)

the hue intensity and tonal value of form's surface; affects the visual weight of a form

Texture (Property of Form)

the surface characteristics of a form

Position (Property of Form)

a form's location relative to its environment or visual field

Orientation (Property of Form)

a form's position relative to the ground plane, the compass points or to the person viewing the form

Visual Inertia (Property of Form)

the degree of concentration and stability of a form; depends on its geometry as well as its orientation

Openings

circulatory element that permits passage from the exterior to the interior or from one room to another

Corridors

circulatory element that allows travel from one part of the building to another

Stairs, Ramps, Elevators, Escalators

circulatory element that makes possible the communication between the various floors

Mouldings

decorative element classified according to their purpose

Ornament

decorative element that may be analyzed with reference to its character

Abstract

has no reference to any particular object

Pictorial

it tells a story

Naturalistic

pictorial decoration like biblical or secular history depicted in churches or structures

Conventionalization

consists of the simplification of the design

Non-Pictorial

does not tell a story; no pictorial meaning in the design

2D; 3D

two forms of decorations

Origin; Composition; Treatment

basic elements in organizing decorative forms

Straight Line

sturdy, masculine

Vertical Straigh Line

proud and exalted

Horizontal Straight Line

horizon of the seascape; calm, peaceful

Diagonal Straight Line

symbolizes the flight of geese; vigorous or angry

Curved Line

graceful and sensitive; feminine

Mannerism

manipulation of styles or forms achieved by the learned juxtaposition of elements for the exclusive aim of achieving originality or effect

Eclecticism

usually applied to any building that incorporates a mixture of the historical styles; personalities of the 19th century and early 20th century

Structuralism

iron construction, initiated by Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, brought about a trend in architecture

Monumentalism

the idea of building monuments; "the form of an object should last"

National Romanticism

bolstered by ideas of national aggrandizement; fed on particular local historical motifs and devices

Fin de Sieclism (Art Noveau)

dynamic Forms, whiplash lines, curving design

Radicalism

demanded a radical shift in emphasis from the buildings of the past to the design which met the demands of modern life

Constructivism

passionate pleading for ideas on form and space in architecture (anthropometric and ergonometric)

Expressionism

manifestation of a design through an individual expression; used to describe the work of the International and Functionalist Period of the Modern Movement

Futurism

architecture of calculation, of audacity and simplicity; architecture of reinforced concrete, of iron, of glass... and all those substitute for wood, stone and brick

Neoplasticism

relates to the theory pure plastic art which had a pronounced influence on Dutch architects

De Style

founded by Van Doesburg; construction without any illusion, without any decoration

L'Ecole de Beaux Arts (Paris)

turned to Gothic Revival due to its brevity, idealism, heroism and picturesqueness; verticality was the trend

Bahaus Style

creative center of artistic experiment during the 1920's; influence can be seen in numerous consumer products

International Style

"ready-made style" imported from the US

CIAM & International Modernism (Congres Internationaux d'Architec-ture Moderne) set up by Le Corbusier and Siegfried Giedion

major organization through which the ideas of modern architecture and urbanism became known to the world; characterized by cubic, white surfaced, flat roofed architecture

Team X

formed by a rebellious group of young Turks who contested the principles of Modern Architecture; Bakerna & Eyck

Organicism (Organic Architecture)

sympathizes with its environment

Utilitarianism

seeking for economic solution for low value sites, as well as alternative/cheap forms of construction; PREFAB

The New Brutalism

precise technology of glass and steel; "bunker style"

Metabolism

concentrated on the new order of relationships between man and the environment; earlier based on organic and cybernetic analogies

Post-Metabolism

reaction to "meta-architecture"

Isolationism

independent; stands on its own

Contextualism

architecture should be apprehended in its total setting

Post-Modernism

alternative to the Modern Movement

Deconstructivism (New Modernism)

abstraction of Modernism to the extreme and mainly worked on the principle of exaggeration of familiar motifs.

Ecoism

Minimizes destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes; merges the interests of sustainability; 'respect'

Metarationalism

no budget architecture; no meaningful distinction between luxury and necessity

Location

major streets or landmarks; documentation of distances

Neighborhood Context

zoning of the neighborhood; immediate surroundings of the site

Paths (Kevin Lynch; Image of the City 1960)

streets, sidewalk and other channels in which people travel

Edges (Kevin Lynch; Image of the City 1960)

perceived boundaries such as walls, rails, buildings, shorelines

Districts (Kevin Lynch; Image of the City 1960)

relatively large sections of the city distinguished by some identity or character

Nodes (Kevin Lynch; Image of the City 1960)

focal points, intersections

Landmarks (Kevin Lynch; Image of the City 1960)

readily identifiable, imageability, way-finding