End of Cold War

3 goals

* end cold war
* maintain communism
* keep USSR united

Glasnost

* social reform
* government policy transparency
* listen to public opinion
* freedom of speech and critiscm allowed
* allowed ‘elections’ but CP remained in power
* 1989 election
* congress of peoples deputies
* political representation for the people
* limit CP power

Perestroikya

* economic reform
* total state control changed to an adaption of market principles
* businesses financed themselves

foreign investment encourages
* state subsidies withdrawn
* create realistic pricing
* encourage profit
* still no private ownership
* making and selling of alcohol controlled

Democratiya and Detente

* parties other than CP allowed
* election of Congress of peoples deputies
* reduces weapon spending
* treaties with Reagan
* Washington treaty
* Paris treaty
* strategic arms reduction treaty
* meetings discussing cold war
* troops pulled from Afghanistan

non-intervention

improved relations with China
* pressured vietnamese to withdraw from Cambodia

Withdrew support from Mengitsu Regime

Withdrew Cuban troops from Angola

ended aid to Cuba

restored relations with Israel

impact of reforms

* economy did not improve
* prices rose
* production stayed low
* corrupt officials blocked changes impacting them
* without state support
* economic system collapsed
* cost of living increased
* food and housing shortages
* inflation + foreign debt
* arms race wound down
* support to satellite states withdrawn
* hard communists upset
* many called it the end of communism

Eastern Europe

* unsuccessful revolutions poland + hungary
* unsuccessful revolt in Czechoslovakia
* protest in satellite states led by poland
* chater 77

trade union solidarity
* Hungary and Bulgaria overthrew government
* Czechoslovakia overthrew president Husak
* Romania Nicolai Ceausescu arrested and executed

Poland

* catholic church against communism
* polish question communist control
* factory workers unhappy
* late 190s = economic recession

trade unions formed
* July 1980 state food price increased
* solidarity formed

seen as an alternative to CP
* troops sent to polish border

solidarity banned
* Poland negotiated with solidarity (couldn’t rely on Soviet support)

Free elections
* encouraged satellite states to take action against communism

Fall of Berlin Wall

* E.B. wanted democracy
* 1989
* East Germans travelling to W.B.
* Border shut (Hungary + Austria) led to demonstrations
* Erin Honecker resignation led to more demonstrations
* Gorbachev withdrew support
* November 1989
* 200 pro democracy demonstrations
* 9 November the wall is taken down
* 3 October 1990 united Germany formed

USSR desintigration

* 1898 election to a new parliment for the people
* force used to supress movements in
* Georgia
* latvia
* lithuania
* Estonia
* 1990 latvia independent

Coup against Gorbachev

* 1990 Gorbachev looses control
* support for Boris Yeltsin
* August 1991 Gorbachev arrested
* reinstated by Boris Yeltsin who is now in control
* baltic states declare independence
* December 1991
* communist party dissolved
* 12 soviet republics form Commonwealth of independent states

Impact on Apartheid

* ended soviet support for ANC
* NP no longer had western support

anti-communist rhetoric no longer a justification