Chapter 1 - Orientation of the Human Body

general

What are the six levels of structural organization?

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ System

6. Organismal

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Provides muscle attachment for movement.

Protects vital organs.

Site of blood cell formation.

Stores minerals.

What are the effectors that the central nervous system activates?

muscles and glands

How does the lymphatic system complement the cardiovascular system?

by returning leaked fluids back to the bloodstream.

What organ system houses white blood cells?

Lymphatic system

What organ system helps regulate normal blood pressure?

Urinary system

What separates the "inside" from the "outside"?

Boundaries

What is the ability to sense changes and react?

Responsiveness/ Irritability

Explain Metabolism

Builds larger molecules from smaller ones

Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones

Produces energy (ATP)

Regulated by hormones

What is normal body temperature?

98.6 F (37 C)

What is essential for building cell structures?

Fats

What happens if body temperature drops too low?

metabolic reactions become slower and slower and finally stop = death.

What happens if body temperature gets too high?

chemical reactions proceed too rapidly, and body proteins begin to break down = death.

What is the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air?

Atmospheric pressure

In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive?

Survival also depends on the ability to maintain one's boundaries, to move, to respond to stimuli, and to reproduce.

Describe Anatomical Position

standing, feet parallel, palms facing forward.

Define Superior (cranial or cephalic)

toward the head end or upper part of the body; above

Example: The forehead is superior to the nose

Define Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below

Example: The navel is inferior to the breastbone

Define Anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Example: The breastbone is anterior to the spine

Define Posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Example: The heart is posterior to the breastbone

Define Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of the

Example: The heart is medial to the arm

Define Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Example: The arms are lateral to the chest

Define Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Example: The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder

Define Proximal

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist (meaning the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is).

Define Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Example: The knee is distal to the thigh

Define Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Example: The skin is superficial to the skeleton

Define Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Example: The lungs are deep to the rib cage.

The wrist is ____ to the hand.

distal

The breastbone is ____ to the spine.

anterior

The brain is ____ to the spinal cord.

superior

The thumb is ____ to the fingers.

lateral

The axillar and the acromial areas are both in the general area of the shoulder. To what specific body area does each of these terms apply?

The axillary region is the armpit. The acromial region is the point of the shoulder.

Use anatomical language to describe the location of a cut to the back of your left forearm.

Left posterior antebrachial region.

Describe a frontal section.

a cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

What is the frontal section also called?

coronal section

Describe median (midsagittal) section.

a cut down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size.

Describe transverse section

a cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

What is a transverse section also called?

cross section

Which is larger, the ventral or dorsal body cavity?

ventral

What separates the thoracic cavity from the rest of the ventral cavity?

the diaphragm

What region separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity?

the mediastinum

If you were dissecting a cadaver and wanted to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, which type of section would you make?

transverse section (cross section)

Define homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.

List the three components of all homeostatic control mechaisms.

1. receptor

2. control center

3. effector

Define receptor

a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment

what pathway does the information flow from the receptor to the control center?

afferent pathway

Are most homeostatic control mechanisms positive feedback or negative feedback?

negative feedback

Define negative feedback.

feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end

Define positive feedback.

feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus

What are the most familiar examples of positive feedback mechanisms?

blood clotting and the birth of a baby

Define homeostatic imbalance.

a disturbance or change in homeostasis that effects function.

Describe a positive feedback loop.

a process that amplifies changes and moves the system away from its set point

Define anatomy

the study of structure

Define physiology

the study of how a structure functions or works

What determines what functions are possible?

structure

List the eleven organ systems.

1. integumentary system

2. skeletal system

3. muscular system

4. nervous system

5. endocrine system

6. cardiovascular system

7. lymphatic system

8. respiratory system

9. digestive system

10. urinary system

11. reproductive system

List the items required for survival.

1. nutrients

2. oxygen

3. water

4. normal body temperature

5. normal atmospheric pressured

Describe sagittal section.

separates the body into right and left parts

Describe dorsal body cavity

well protected by bone; includes cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Describe ventral body cavity

protected only by trunk and muscles; includes thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

The heart is located ____ to the diaphragm.

superior

The muscles are ____ to the bone.

superficial

The shoulder is ____ to the elbow.

proximal

The vertebral region is ____ to the scapular region.

medial

In anatomical position, the thumb is ____ to the index finger.

lateral

The gluteal region is located on the ____ surface of the body.

posterior

What three abdominopelvic regions are medial?

1. hypogastric

2. umbilical

3. epigastric

Which organ system is the slow-acting control system of the body?

endocrine system

Which organ system is the esophagus found?

digestive

What necessary function does muscle contraction contribute to the human body?

movement

The skeletal muscles that contract and shorten to move the bones form the ____ system.

muscular

What is the major function of the lymphatic system?

return leaked fluids back to the cardiovascular system, so there is enough blood to circulate.

The skin prevents the loss of body fluids from evaporation. Which function necessary for life does this describe?

maintaining boundaries

Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?

a.) being sick with the flu

b.) perspiration

c.) wearing wool socks on a cold day

d.) blood clotting

a.) being sick with the flu

Which of these body parts is distal to the crural region?

a.) acromial region

b.) tarsal region

c.) gluteal region

d.) carpal region

b.) tarsal region

What does the prefix "ante-" mean?

before

What does the prefix "hypo-" mean?

below

What does the prefix "brachi-" mean?

arm

What doses the prefix "trans-" mean?

across or through

The body region located in front of the elbow is the ____ region.

antecubital

The main artery in the arm is called the ____ artery.

brachial

The body region located below the stomach is the ____ region.

hypogastric

A ____ plane takes a cross-section of the body.

transverse

Which way do the palms of hands face in the anatomical position?

palms towards the front

Which cavity is superior to the diaphragm?

thoracic

Physical trauma to a body organ is known as blunt trauma. Organs in which body cavity account for most blunt trauma injuries?

abdominal cavity

Which of the following is visible when viewing the anterior of a human body in anatomical position?

a.) patellar region

b.) olecranal region

c.) occipital region

d.) popliteal region

a.) patellar region

Which cavity is inferior to the diaphragm?

abdomionopelvic

What term means 'toward the midline'?

medial

What term refers to the neck region?

cervical

In which abdominopelvic region would you find the urinary bladder?

hypogastric region

What component of homeostatic mechanism produces a response and creates a change?

effector

The wrist is ____ to the hand.

proximal

The breastbone is ____ to the spine.

anterior

The brain is ____ to the spinal cord.

superior

The heart is located ____ to the diaphragm.

superior

The muscles are ____ to the bone.

superficial

The shoulder is ____ to the elbow.

proximal

The vertebral region is ____ to the scapular region.

medial

The gluteal region is located on the ____ surface of the body.

posterior