APUSH Unit 6
12/15/23, MCQ + LEQ
Possible LEQ prompts:
1. Determine the factors that led to the increased industrialization in the U.S. between 1870 and 1900.
*2. Evaluate the extent to which migration/immigration contributed to social, political and economic continuities and change in the United States from the 1870s -1900.
*3. Analyze the policies of the national government toward Native Americans between 1860 and 1890 versus the policies from 1790-1840.
4. Compare and contrast the agrarian social and political movements from the 1860s to 1900.
*5. Analyze the social and economic changes brought by industrialization during the Gilded Age.
Important People:
Andrew Carnegie:
came from poor and rose to be captain of steel industry “Homestead Steel” (his monopoly)
attempted to de-unionize labors, and thus the Homestead strike began
Gustavus Swift:
saw that Chicago slaughterhouses lacked efficiency
created the assembly line (wage workers repeated the same task over and over)
created vertical integration (company controls all stages of operations (production to consumption)
reduced costs
destroyed independent distributes
John D. Rockefeller:
caption of oil “Standard Oil company”
used vertical integration
helped pioneer horizontal integration (company merges w/ its smaller competitors… lower prices, win all customers, consume smaller companies, then raise prices again)
increase market share (more consumers)
reduce competition
creates monopolies
JP Morgan:
embraced Rockerfelle’s business strategies and purchased steel companies (including Carnegie steel)
created U.S. Steel (first billionaire company)
Frederick Taylor/scientific management:
sought to improve industrial efficiency
created scientific management (set in place to increase productivity and reduce costs)
workers use no brain, causing more deskilling of workers
John Muir: (preservationist)
developed spiritual relationship w/ the natural world
made Sierra Club
organization focused on protecting American mountains and wilderness
Booker T. Washington:
preached industrial education (rather than liberal arts)
preached gospel of wealth
wanted to leave civil rights alone and his ideas appealed to whites
believes its important for blacks to receive the same law-abiding privileges as whites because it is more important for blacks to focus on self-improvement on industrial skills
MAJOR SUPPORT BY WHITES INCLUDING CARNEGIE AND ROCKEFELLER
created Tuskegee Institute to help train and educate African Americans
at Atlanta Compromise
speaking to white crowd
avoided confrontation and accusation
Frances Willard:
advocated women rights and domestic violence
created Women’s Christian Temperance (WCTU)
Ida B. Wells:
African American who launched a one-woman campaign against lynching
relates to plessy v. ferguson (she also kicked out of car)
Louis Sullivan:
promoted “vertical aesthetic” (strong columns + skyscrapers)
established Chicago School of Architecture
dedicated to teaching the design of building, inspired by Sullivan
Joseph Pulitzer + William Randolph Hearst
owned journals (yellow journalism: dramatic reporting, exaggeration, revealed scandals and injustices)
Lincoln Steffens
wrote Shame of the Cities
muckraker who exposed corruption as he revealed how city officials were leading unethical practices
Americans who agreed participated in reform movements against corruption
Jacob Riis
photographer who wrote “How the Other Half Lives”
included photos of tenements to shed light on living conditions of the poor
Drove social and urban reformers
Jane Addams
believed that working-class Americans already knew what they needed to close the difference/gap but they lacked the resources to fulfill those needs as well as a political voice
created Hull House
Margaret Sanger
birth control activist and promoted women’s reproductive rights
Upton Sinclair
wrote “the jungle”
muckraker who exposed the harsh and filthy conditions of the meatpacking industry
WEB Dubois
radical compared to Booker Washington (feels Washington has blacks give up morals and accept inferiority)
wants more than industrial ed.
Niagara Principles
meeting in cannada
called for full voting rights and end to segregation
National Association for Advancement of Colored Ppl (NAACP)
formed by Af. Amer reformer and white supporters
pushed for equal civil rights and racial justice
Industrial Workers of the World
led by Big Bill Haywood
supported Marxist class struggle
believed that by resting in the workplace and launching strikes, workers could overthrow capitalism
Labor Violence:
Homestead Strike: June 30, 1892
violent confrontation where locked-out workers opened fire and started a gunfight leaving 10 dead
state militia arrested workers
locked out workers lost their jobs and unions were dying
Great Railroad Strike (1877)
railroad workers protested wage cuts
walked off job
protested in cities
buried railroad property
violent labor protest
Haymarket Square: 1886
violent confrentation b/w police and labor protester in Chicago
anarchist detonated a bomb during a worker protest
Though the anarchist was not a Knight of Labor, the nation blamed them for the violence
profoundly damaged labor movement, as police became increasingly harsh against strikes/protesters
people now associate labor parties w/ violence (specifically Kinghts… this causes them to break apart bc their rep is very ruined)
Important pieces of writing:
Gospel of Wealth: 1889
written by Carnegie
poor and rich gap is essential
wealthy should be humble/act as role models
soaked in social Darwinism
wealthy should use their $ for public good (libraries, parks, universities..)
offensive to poor bc they need higher wages, not public spaces (can’t even utilize)
Progress and Poverty: 1879
book written by Henry George
emerging industrial order meant permanent poverty
industrialization only lifted the fortunes of professionals but pushed the working class down by forcing them to deskill
advocated social inequalities
Shame of the Cities: by Lincoln Steffens (1904)
criticizes the corruption within urban governments.
Used very harsh language to attack political machines and connect new members.
How the other half lives: by Jacob Riis (1890)
exposed New York City tenements to the world.
His book brought attention to the issues of poverty in cities and gave reformers a reason to rise
New developments/ideas (economic, social, political):
Trusts (economic): allow horizontal integration
legal document for horizontal integration
“board of trustees” was made and they held stocks in the firms
allowed trustees to hold stock in companies within the industry
forced weaker firms to succumb to powerful rivals
gave large corps excessive power
Robber Barons vs. Industrial Statesmen (social term)
Robber Barons: negative term
implying captains built their wealth through ruthless and unethical means (such as exploiting workers and manipulating markets)
used during times of econ. depression
Industrial Statesmen: positive term
describes industrial captains as savvy business leaders who contributed significantly to economic development
used during times of econ. prosperity
Deskilling and mass production (econ)
reducing skill level needed to do job, as complex jobs were being broken down into simpler ones
wages were lower (simple, more specific jobs)
manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products (efficiency)
National Grange (1867) (political)
protest group of poor farmers wanted gov oversight for farmers to counter the rising power of large corps. (national movement)
NATIONAL GRANGE -
wanted cooperation and mutual aid w/ corps
wanted funding to educate farmers and fairness in regards to railroad shipping
eventually evolves into populist party
Greenback Labor Party (political)
political party formed by grangers and other reformers (west specific)
wanted gov laws to protect laborers
wanted gov to print more greenback dollars to inflate econ
agree w/bimetallism (want to inflate econ, need more money)
small, local, short-lived
Knights of Labor (1869) (political/econ) (primarily industrialized cities)
inclusive to all (minus Chinese)
radical —> advocated for legislative action
safety laws
prohibition of child labor
federal tax on high incomes
pubic ownership of railroads and telegraphs
greatest strength comes from spontaneous strikes
Farmer’s Alliance: 1870s (political)
regional rural movement that took upon same issues as grangers + greenbacks
wanted to cooperate w/ corps
cooperatives would pool money together to cooperate w/ railroads on fair prices
more radical members who wanted large gov schemes to get involved, broke away from the Alliance and created the populist party
American Federation of Labor (AFL) (political/econ) (primarily industrialized cities)
exclusive (only skilled craftsmen)
led by samuel gompers
did not critique the system and din’t call for electoral action (aimed for higher wages and fairer conditions)
waited for when political climate of congress was more understand/responsive
Social Darwinism: (social concept)
“survival of the fittest”
idea that society should not intervene to help the weak/poor
WG Sumner (advocated social Darwinism)
laissez-faire economics (little gov. intervention in econ)
struggle for survival —> shapes society
Eugenics: (social) ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
movement that believed society could improve by controlling reproduction
promoted reporduction of ppl w/ desirable traits
idea of scientific advancement; greater divide among citizens
American Protective Association ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
nativist, anti-catholic secret society made up of white protestants bc they feared their rise/influence would challenge protestant dominance
prevented Catholics (and jews) from holding office and being teachers
mimics KKK
Social Gospel (3 GA) ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
idea that issues like poverty and child labor could be solved by living more protestant lives
protestants provided reading rooms, nurseries, and other services to renew protestant faith through social welfare
Fundamentalism (formed by prodestants) ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
believed in the strict and literal interpretation (fundamental truth) of bible
unlike social gospel bc fundamentalism said very little ant poverty/social issues, focused on heavenly redemption (revival of Christianity)
Tuskegee Institute (educational/social)
founded by Washington
provided blacks practical education on the agriculture industry
focus on economic education and prosperity as path to racial equality
Women’s Christian Temperance (political)
fought for women’s rights
prohibiting alcohol to prevent domestic violence
urban and rural people supported — saaw alcohol linked to fcrimes
Irish and German didn’t support (enjoyed alcohol)
short lived union —> led to women’s suffrage
National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)
formed due to merging of the NWSA and AWSA (more organized and efficient together)
advocated for women’s voting rights (bc of their success and influence on all women west of MS River gained voting rights
faced opposition from anti-suffragist
Mutual Aid Societies (social/political)
self-help groups formed by people who shared common issues
contribute to a common fund for members to use in a time of hardship
formed among immigrants and poor workers who had little help from gov/loans
Race Riots (social)
white mobs violently attacked blacks in cities
killing and lynching of blacks —> relates to Ida B. Wells
Tenemants (social)
multi-family apartment buildings w/ horrible living conditions
housed large waves of immigrants
overcrowded, unsanitary, lacked proper ventilation
Muckrakers (social term)
journalists who focused on the negative side of American Life (corruption in politics and business)
term coined by TR
Political Machines:
bureaucracies that governed urban area
organized groups that acted as social service that could provide jobs and aid to families in need
often corrupt and manipulative to get them to vote for them
targeted poor people and immigrants
Tammany Hall
political machine in NYC
led by Plunkitt and Tweed
used their wide support of immigrants by offering them servcies/favors in exchange for votes
played significant role in political and infrastructural development in NYC
Progressivism:
social and political movements aimed to address issues caused by industrialization urbanization immigration and corruption
promoted reforms in education, medicine, finance, and labor laws
focused on: using gov intervention to enable reform that provides opportunity for all
Hull House: (1889)
founded by Addams
offered unemployment, counseling, medical clinics, day care centers, etc.
helped poorer ppl rise in society through welfare programs
Addams lived there (even though wealthy) to get real understanding
Pure Food and drug Act (1906)
est. FDA to increase oversight for more pure and safe food/medicine
National Consumer’s league (1899)
advocated worker protection
led by Florence Kelly believed in govt. oversight
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
in NYC
fire in factory, employees locked in and died
NY est. laws for worker safety
Gilded Age
term for America when industrialization booming
US looks amazing from outside
but rly its corrupt, poverty, huge wealth gap
People’s Party/Populists:
takes over political system as third party
eventually absorbed by dems
formed by national grange, greenbackers, and poor workers
Omaha Platform
statement that called for gov. ownership of railroads and telegraphs, protection of land from monopoly, federal income tax on the rich
William v. Missippi
poll taxes and literacy tests didn’t violate the 15th amendment
Election of 1896:
America in depression
William Jenning bryan (D)
defended farmers, workers, attacked gold standard, wants to impose federal income tax on wealthy to replace tariffs as source of rev (pro bimetallism)
William Mckinley (R)
called for corp. fundraising
support from immigrants
anti-bimetallism
Lochner v. NY (1905)
supreme court says NY can’t limit work hours (violates 14th amend bc violates workers basic rights of freedom)
1902 Coal Strike
mine workers protesting for better conditions and wages
important bc it was during winter and home needed heat
TR threatens the corps. saying he would nationalize their companies
TR didn’t have constitutional right to do this but did it for the good of the ppl
Northern Securities Company
short lasting railroad trust
shut down by TR w sherman anti trust act
Standard Oil Decision (1911)
Taft ruled that Standard Oil Company (led by rockerfeller)
guilty of monopoly
Robert La Follette —> WI Idea
encouraged gov intervention in econ w/ help from scholarly experts
recall/referendam:
recall:
voting to remove unpopular politicians from office
referendum:
voting directly on proposed law
National Child Labor Committee
advocated for better labor conditions for women/children
lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where kids worked (successful, gained awareness)
TR created the children’s bureau in the US labor department
Muller vs. Oregon: Milestone for women
case that upheld protecting working class women
it supported Oregan law that limited the workday of females
failed to protect men
New Laws/Acts:
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
prohibited Chinese laborers from immigration to the US
repelled Burlingame Treaty
implemented bc whites feared that Chinese would compete for jobs/wages
Granger Laws: (1870s)
series of regulations passed to supervise corps
laws passed in several midwestern states
starting points for reform
Hatch Act (1887)
federal funding for agricultural research and education
promoted agricultural practices
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
fed law that established the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee railroad companies and interstate shipping
hard for them to gather evidence on companies and supreme court often sided w/ railroad companies rather than siding w/ the commission
Mann Act (1910)
congress declared it a federal crim to transport women across state lines for “immoral purposes” (prostitution)
Pendleton Act 1883
est. civil service commission to examine candidates for gov jobs
made to prevent spoils system and corruption
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
first fed attempt to prevent businesses from becoming monopolies and restricting trade
president had to individually approve/disapprove business
17th amend:
direct election of senators
Hepburn Act
gave ruling of fed agencies (ICC) power to set and control rates
Newland’s Redemption Act 1902
funded irrigation projects in west
Proved John Powell’s idea right
12/15/23, MCQ + LEQ
Possible LEQ prompts:
1. Determine the factors that led to the increased industrialization in the U.S. between 1870 and 1900.
*2. Evaluate the extent to which migration/immigration contributed to social, political and economic continuities and change in the United States from the 1870s -1900.
*3. Analyze the policies of the national government toward Native Americans between 1860 and 1890 versus the policies from 1790-1840.
4. Compare and contrast the agrarian social and political movements from the 1860s to 1900.
*5. Analyze the social and economic changes brought by industrialization during the Gilded Age.
Important People:
Andrew Carnegie:
came from poor and rose to be captain of steel industry “Homestead Steel” (his monopoly)
attempted to de-unionize labors, and thus the Homestead strike began
Gustavus Swift:
saw that Chicago slaughterhouses lacked efficiency
created the assembly line (wage workers repeated the same task over and over)
created vertical integration (company controls all stages of operations (production to consumption)
reduced costs
destroyed independent distributes
John D. Rockefeller:
caption of oil “Standard Oil company”
used vertical integration
helped pioneer horizontal integration (company merges w/ its smaller competitors… lower prices, win all customers, consume smaller companies, then raise prices again)
increase market share (more consumers)
reduce competition
creates monopolies
JP Morgan:
embraced Rockerfelle’s business strategies and purchased steel companies (including Carnegie steel)
created U.S. Steel (first billionaire company)
Frederick Taylor/scientific management:
sought to improve industrial efficiency
created scientific management (set in place to increase productivity and reduce costs)
workers use no brain, causing more deskilling of workers
John Muir: (preservationist)
developed spiritual relationship w/ the natural world
made Sierra Club
organization focused on protecting American mountains and wilderness
Booker T. Washington:
preached industrial education (rather than liberal arts)
preached gospel of wealth
wanted to leave civil rights alone and his ideas appealed to whites
believes its important for blacks to receive the same law-abiding privileges as whites because it is more important for blacks to focus on self-improvement on industrial skills
MAJOR SUPPORT BY WHITES INCLUDING CARNEGIE AND ROCKEFELLER
created Tuskegee Institute to help train and educate African Americans
at Atlanta Compromise
speaking to white crowd
avoided confrontation and accusation
Frances Willard:
advocated women rights and domestic violence
created Women’s Christian Temperance (WCTU)
Ida B. Wells:
African American who launched a one-woman campaign against lynching
relates to plessy v. ferguson (she also kicked out of car)
Louis Sullivan:
promoted “vertical aesthetic” (strong columns + skyscrapers)
established Chicago School of Architecture
dedicated to teaching the design of building, inspired by Sullivan
Joseph Pulitzer + William Randolph Hearst
owned journals (yellow journalism: dramatic reporting, exaggeration, revealed scandals and injustices)
Lincoln Steffens
wrote Shame of the Cities
muckraker who exposed corruption as he revealed how city officials were leading unethical practices
Americans who agreed participated in reform movements against corruption
Jacob Riis
photographer who wrote “How the Other Half Lives”
included photos of tenements to shed light on living conditions of the poor
Drove social and urban reformers
Jane Addams
believed that working-class Americans already knew what they needed to close the difference/gap but they lacked the resources to fulfill those needs as well as a political voice
created Hull House
Margaret Sanger
birth control activist and promoted women’s reproductive rights
Upton Sinclair
wrote “the jungle”
muckraker who exposed the harsh and filthy conditions of the meatpacking industry
WEB Dubois
radical compared to Booker Washington (feels Washington has blacks give up morals and accept inferiority)
wants more than industrial ed.
Niagara Principles
meeting in cannada
called for full voting rights and end to segregation
National Association for Advancement of Colored Ppl (NAACP)
formed by Af. Amer reformer and white supporters
pushed for equal civil rights and racial justice
Industrial Workers of the World
led by Big Bill Haywood
supported Marxist class struggle
believed that by resting in the workplace and launching strikes, workers could overthrow capitalism
Labor Violence:
Homestead Strike: June 30, 1892
violent confrontation where locked-out workers opened fire and started a gunfight leaving 10 dead
state militia arrested workers
locked out workers lost their jobs and unions were dying
Great Railroad Strike (1877)
railroad workers protested wage cuts
walked off job
protested in cities
buried railroad property
violent labor protest
Haymarket Square: 1886
violent confrentation b/w police and labor protester in Chicago
anarchist detonated a bomb during a worker protest
Though the anarchist was not a Knight of Labor, the nation blamed them for the violence
profoundly damaged labor movement, as police became increasingly harsh against strikes/protesters
people now associate labor parties w/ violence (specifically Kinghts… this causes them to break apart bc their rep is very ruined)
Important pieces of writing:
Gospel of Wealth: 1889
written by Carnegie
poor and rich gap is essential
wealthy should be humble/act as role models
soaked in social Darwinism
wealthy should use their $ for public good (libraries, parks, universities..)
offensive to poor bc they need higher wages, not public spaces (can’t even utilize)
Progress and Poverty: 1879
book written by Henry George
emerging industrial order meant permanent poverty
industrialization only lifted the fortunes of professionals but pushed the working class down by forcing them to deskill
advocated social inequalities
Shame of the Cities: by Lincoln Steffens (1904)
criticizes the corruption within urban governments.
Used very harsh language to attack political machines and connect new members.
How the other half lives: by Jacob Riis (1890)
exposed New York City tenements to the world.
His book brought attention to the issues of poverty in cities and gave reformers a reason to rise
New developments/ideas (economic, social, political):
Trusts (economic): allow horizontal integration
legal document for horizontal integration
“board of trustees” was made and they held stocks in the firms
allowed trustees to hold stock in companies within the industry
forced weaker firms to succumb to powerful rivals
gave large corps excessive power
Robber Barons vs. Industrial Statesmen (social term)
Robber Barons: negative term
implying captains built their wealth through ruthless and unethical means (such as exploiting workers and manipulating markets)
used during times of econ. depression
Industrial Statesmen: positive term
describes industrial captains as savvy business leaders who contributed significantly to economic development
used during times of econ. prosperity
Deskilling and mass production (econ)
reducing skill level needed to do job, as complex jobs were being broken down into simpler ones
wages were lower (simple, more specific jobs)
manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products (efficiency)
National Grange (1867) (political)
protest group of poor farmers wanted gov oversight for farmers to counter the rising power of large corps. (national movement)
NATIONAL GRANGE -
wanted cooperation and mutual aid w/ corps
wanted funding to educate farmers and fairness in regards to railroad shipping
eventually evolves into populist party
Greenback Labor Party (political)
political party formed by grangers and other reformers (west specific)
wanted gov laws to protect laborers
wanted gov to print more greenback dollars to inflate econ
agree w/bimetallism (want to inflate econ, need more money)
small, local, short-lived
Knights of Labor (1869) (political/econ) (primarily industrialized cities)
inclusive to all (minus Chinese)
radical —> advocated for legislative action
safety laws
prohibition of child labor
federal tax on high incomes
pubic ownership of railroads and telegraphs
greatest strength comes from spontaneous strikes
Farmer’s Alliance: 1870s (political)
regional rural movement that took upon same issues as grangers + greenbacks
wanted to cooperate w/ corps
cooperatives would pool money together to cooperate w/ railroads on fair prices
more radical members who wanted large gov schemes to get involved, broke away from the Alliance and created the populist party
American Federation of Labor (AFL) (political/econ) (primarily industrialized cities)
exclusive (only skilled craftsmen)
led by samuel gompers
did not critique the system and din’t call for electoral action (aimed for higher wages and fairer conditions)
waited for when political climate of congress was more understand/responsive
Social Darwinism: (social concept)
“survival of the fittest”
idea that society should not intervene to help the weak/poor
WG Sumner (advocated social Darwinism)
laissez-faire economics (little gov. intervention in econ)
struggle for survival —> shapes society
Eugenics: (social) ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
movement that believed society could improve by controlling reproduction
promoted reporduction of ppl w/ desirable traits
idea of scientific advancement; greater divide among citizens
American Protective Association ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
nativist, anti-catholic secret society made up of white protestants bc they feared their rise/influence would challenge protestant dominance
prevented Catholics (and jews) from holding office and being teachers
mimics KKK
Social Gospel (3 GA) ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
idea that issues like poverty and child labor could be solved by living more protestant lives
protestants provided reading rooms, nurseries, and other services to renew protestant faith through social welfare
Fundamentalism (formed by prodestants) ✝REVIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
believed in the strict and literal interpretation (fundamental truth) of bible
unlike social gospel bc fundamentalism said very little ant poverty/social issues, focused on heavenly redemption (revival of Christianity)
Tuskegee Institute (educational/social)
founded by Washington
provided blacks practical education on the agriculture industry
focus on economic education and prosperity as path to racial equality
Women’s Christian Temperance (political)
fought for women’s rights
prohibiting alcohol to prevent domestic violence
urban and rural people supported — saaw alcohol linked to fcrimes
Irish and German didn’t support (enjoyed alcohol)
short lived union —> led to women’s suffrage
National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)
formed due to merging of the NWSA and AWSA (more organized and efficient together)
advocated for women’s voting rights (bc of their success and influence on all women west of MS River gained voting rights
faced opposition from anti-suffragist
Mutual Aid Societies (social/political)
self-help groups formed by people who shared common issues
contribute to a common fund for members to use in a time of hardship
formed among immigrants and poor workers who had little help from gov/loans
Race Riots (social)
white mobs violently attacked blacks in cities
killing and lynching of blacks —> relates to Ida B. Wells
Tenemants (social)
multi-family apartment buildings w/ horrible living conditions
housed large waves of immigrants
overcrowded, unsanitary, lacked proper ventilation
Muckrakers (social term)
journalists who focused on the negative side of American Life (corruption in politics and business)
term coined by TR
Political Machines:
bureaucracies that governed urban area
organized groups that acted as social service that could provide jobs and aid to families in need
often corrupt and manipulative to get them to vote for them
targeted poor people and immigrants
Tammany Hall
political machine in NYC
led by Plunkitt and Tweed
used their wide support of immigrants by offering them servcies/favors in exchange for votes
played significant role in political and infrastructural development in NYC
Progressivism:
social and political movements aimed to address issues caused by industrialization urbanization immigration and corruption
promoted reforms in education, medicine, finance, and labor laws
focused on: using gov intervention to enable reform that provides opportunity for all
Hull House: (1889)
founded by Addams
offered unemployment, counseling, medical clinics, day care centers, etc.
helped poorer ppl rise in society through welfare programs
Addams lived there (even though wealthy) to get real understanding
Pure Food and drug Act (1906)
est. FDA to increase oversight for more pure and safe food/medicine
National Consumer’s league (1899)
advocated worker protection
led by Florence Kelly believed in govt. oversight
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
in NYC
fire in factory, employees locked in and died
NY est. laws for worker safety
Gilded Age
term for America when industrialization booming
US looks amazing from outside
but rly its corrupt, poverty, huge wealth gap
People’s Party/Populists:
takes over political system as third party
eventually absorbed by dems
formed by national grange, greenbackers, and poor workers
Omaha Platform
statement that called for gov. ownership of railroads and telegraphs, protection of land from monopoly, federal income tax on the rich
William v. Missippi
poll taxes and literacy tests didn’t violate the 15th amendment
Election of 1896:
America in depression
William Jenning bryan (D)
defended farmers, workers, attacked gold standard, wants to impose federal income tax on wealthy to replace tariffs as source of rev (pro bimetallism)
William Mckinley (R)
called for corp. fundraising
support from immigrants
anti-bimetallism
Lochner v. NY (1905)
supreme court says NY can’t limit work hours (violates 14th amend bc violates workers basic rights of freedom)
1902 Coal Strike
mine workers protesting for better conditions and wages
important bc it was during winter and home needed heat
TR threatens the corps. saying he would nationalize their companies
TR didn’t have constitutional right to do this but did it for the good of the ppl
Northern Securities Company
short lasting railroad trust
shut down by TR w sherman anti trust act
Standard Oil Decision (1911)
Taft ruled that Standard Oil Company (led by rockerfeller)
guilty of monopoly
Robert La Follette —> WI Idea
encouraged gov intervention in econ w/ help from scholarly experts
recall/referendam:
recall:
voting to remove unpopular politicians from office
referendum:
voting directly on proposed law
National Child Labor Committee
advocated for better labor conditions for women/children
lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where kids worked (successful, gained awareness)
TR created the children’s bureau in the US labor department
Muller vs. Oregon: Milestone for women
case that upheld protecting working class women
it supported Oregan law that limited the workday of females
failed to protect men
New Laws/Acts:
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
prohibited Chinese laborers from immigration to the US
repelled Burlingame Treaty
implemented bc whites feared that Chinese would compete for jobs/wages
Granger Laws: (1870s)
series of regulations passed to supervise corps
laws passed in several midwestern states
starting points for reform
Hatch Act (1887)
federal funding for agricultural research and education
promoted agricultural practices
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
fed law that established the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee railroad companies and interstate shipping
hard for them to gather evidence on companies and supreme court often sided w/ railroad companies rather than siding w/ the commission
Mann Act (1910)
congress declared it a federal crim to transport women across state lines for “immoral purposes” (prostitution)
Pendleton Act 1883
est. civil service commission to examine candidates for gov jobs
made to prevent spoils system and corruption
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
first fed attempt to prevent businesses from becoming monopolies and restricting trade
president had to individually approve/disapprove business
17th amend:
direct election of senators
Hepburn Act
gave ruling of fed agencies (ICC) power to set and control rates
Newland’s Redemption Act 1902
funded irrigation projects in west
Proved John Powell’s idea right