rangeland

is there more work in planning or implementation for fire

implementation

wildfires

uncontrolled and unplanned fires

fire-use or let-burn fires

a fire allowed to burn with monitoring- unlikely to cause human harm

prescribed fires/ controlled burns

planned and implemented fire used to meet management objectives

frequency (fire)

how frequently an area burns

intensity

rate at which fire produces thermal energy

seasonality

time of year when fire is most common to occur naturally

severity

relative amount of alteration, disruption, or damage a site experiences

coexistence era

indigenous peoples fire use

supression era

putting out wildland fires as fast as possible

shadow area

localized prescribed burning

contemporary era

prescribed burning common

3 variable components of fire regimes

time, space, intensity

need to know _________ to understand intensity

fire behavior

fire intensity is dependent on:

• available fuel and composition

• moisture and temperature

• wind

• topography

fire benefits

• manage fuels and reduce wildfire risk

• removes litter and improves forage

• can reduce or eliminate unwanted species

• can be used with herbicide to improve rangeland health

• can be used with grazing to accomplish management objectives

riparian

• water through overland flow, subsurface flow, and groundwater recharge

• boundary of permanent water separates riparian from aquatic zones

• alongside streams/rivers, meadows, bogs, wetlands, springs

riparian make up ___% of western US

1-2%

sheet erosion

Thin layer of soil removed evenly across a surface by rainfall or runoff

rills

channels less than 0.3m deep

gully

channels greater than 0.3m deep

headcuts

occurs at the head (upstream extent) of a channel or side of a wet meadow, and advances backwards with continued erosion

cut banks

erosion and depostion along a meandering stream

channelization

Human-made or modified channels to direct water flow, often accelerating erosion downstream

invasive species

• Non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration

• Whose introduction causes, or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health

what is the primary cause of invasive species introductions

humans

three phases of invasion process

• arrival and establishment

• spread

• equilibrium and effects

arrival and establishment

• dispersal vectors allow invasive to arrive

• humans, wildlife

Tens hypothesis

• 1 in 10 appear in the wild

• 1 in 10 will establish

• 1 in 10 become an invasive pest

spread

• able to establish and increase in numbers

• rate depends on 

  • species characteristics

  • ecosystem characteristics

  • spatial distribution of individuals or populations

biotic resistance hypothesis

ability of resident species or a community to reduce invasion success

equilibrium and effects

• magnitude of the problem

• eradication possible?

• overall consequences?

3 broad management approaches for invasives

• prevention and education

• eradication

• control

invasive control

manipulation and management to reduce the impact off noxious plants to an acceptable level

methods for managing unwanted plants

• biological control

• prescribed fire

• mechanical control

• chemical control

IWM stands for

invasive weed management

IPM stands for

invasive pest management