sadness

What are the basic emotions identified in psychology?

Fear, Anxiety, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Happiness.

What typically characterizes a sad facial expression according to Darwin?

Drooping eyelids, inward-slanting eyebrows, and a downcast appearance.

What is the first definition component of sadness?

Appraisal of loss or failure of something valued.

How does sadness differ from mild to severe in intensity and duration?

Sadness can last seconds to a lifetime depending on the significance of the loss.

What physiological changes are associated with sadness?

Slowed circulation, pale face, relaxed muscles, head tilted forward.

What is one function of sadness in terms of personal reflection?

To create a 'time out' period for updating cognitive frameworks after loss.

What interpersonal function can sadness serve?

It can lead to emotional and practical demands on others, strengthening social bonds.

Define the appraisal component related to sadness.

Loss or failure (actual or possible) of a valued role or goal.

What do appraisal theories suggest about the origin of sadness?

Sadness arises from the loss of a loved one, failure, or loss of respect from someone important.

According to dimensional appraisal theories, what dimension is sadness associated with?

High unpleasantness and low levels of responsibility and control.

What did Smith and Ellsworth find about sadness in their research?

Sadness was distinguished by situational control and perceived lack of responsibility.

What are the four criteria for a basic emotion according to the lecture?

Universal experience, component changes, early expression, unique patterns of change.

What evolutionary role does sadness serve according to Darwin?

Sadness indicates a problem needing resolution and reinforces identity development.

How can sadness be linked to feelings of depression?

Persistent sadness is often linked to feelings of depression and helplessness.

What does the term 'self-focused sadness' refer to?

A state where an individual reviews priorities influenced by experienced loss.

What emotional states can sadness be associated with according to Lazarus?

Anger, anxiety, guilt, envy, or hope.

What artistic representation is used to portray grief in the lecture?

At Eternity’s Gate (1890) by Vincent van Gogh.

What psychological impact does stoicism have in the face of sadness?

It can increase the risk of post-traumatic stress symptomatology in extreme disasters.

How did sadness serve in the context of social interactions?

It can elicit sympathy and altruism from others.

What does the SADNESS module feedback loop suggest?

Activation of the SADNESS module can be maintained through associative memories and thoughts.