Social Unit Exam Chapter 1-5.

What were the main reasons for exploration during the Renaissance?

To expand trade, the economy, and Christianity.

What was a significant challenge of the Silk Road trade routes?

They were becoming more dangerous and expensive.

What solution did Europeans seek for their trade problems?

A sea route to the East (Asia).

How would a sea route benefit European traders?

It would give them control over their supply of goods and potentially increase wealth through spices and trade goods.

What was the economic situation regarding precious metals in Europe during the Renaissance?

European mines were running out of gold and silver, necessitating the search for new sources.

Why was spreading Christianity important during the Age of Exploration?

Religion was a powerful aspect of the worldview during the Renaissance, and spreading Christianity was seen as a significant goal.

What does imperialism mean in the context of exploration?

The extension of power over a territory (colony), its resources, and people.

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?

A figure who disagreed with the atrocities committed against Indigenous peoples in New Spain.

What was the imperialist worldview of the Italian city-states during the Age of Exploration?

They sought to increase wealth and power by expanding their territory.

What was the purpose of exploration for imperial countries?

To extend control over colonies and exploit their resources.

What was the impact of limited knowledge on European exploration?

It hindered their understanding of lands beyond Europe, affecting their exploration efforts.

What role did luxury goods from Asia play in European exploration?

They created a demand that drove Europeans to seek new trade routes.

How did the desire for economic expansion influence exploration?

Europeans sought new sources of wealth to sustain and grow their economies.

What was the significance of accurate maps in exploration?

They were essential for navigating and understanding the world beyond Europe.

What characterized the Age of Exploration?

Countries sent explorers on long voyages to achieve imperialist goals.

What was the relationship between exploration and imperialism?

Exploration was often driven by the desire to establish and control colonies.

What did Europeans hope to achieve by exploring new territories?

They aimed to expand trade, acquire resources, and spread Christianity.

What was the economic impact of exploration on Europe?

It led to increased wealth through trade and access to new resources.

How did explorers contribute to the Renaissance worldview?

They expanded knowledge and curiosity about the world beyond Europe.

What was the role of humanism in the Age of Exploration?

It fostered openness and curiosity about the world, encouraging exploration.

What were the main imperialist countries during the Age of Exploration?

France, Britain, Portugal, and Spain.

What was the European belief regarding competition for land?

It was necessary to gain power and wealth.

How did Europeans view Indigenous peoples of the Americas?

They saw themselves as superior and mistreated Indigenous peoples.

What was one consequence of European arrival in the Americas for Indigenous peoples?

The spread of disease due to lack of immunity, leading to high mortality rates.

How many Indigenous peoples are estimated to have died as a result of European imperialism?

Approximately 90 million.

What happened to the New Laws enacted for Indigenous peoples?

They were repealed three years later under pressure from settlers.

What was the goal of Portuguese explorers like Bartolomeu Dias?

To find a sea route to the East by going around Africa.

What significant achievement did Vasco da Gama accomplish?

He found a sea route to the East by sailing around Africa.

What was Christopher Columbus's goal when he sailed west?

To find a shorter route to Asia across the Atlantic Ocean.

What did Columbus discover instead of Asia?

He landed in Hispaniola, which is today Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

What is circumnavigation?

To sail completely around the world.

Who was the first person to circumnavigate the globe?

Ferdinand Magellan.

What did the Columbus Monument in Barcelona commemorate?

Columbus's return to Spain after his first voyage to the Americas.

What is Columbus Day?

A U.S. holiday commemorating Columbus's landing in the Americas in 1492.

What controversy surrounds Columbus Day?

It has generated debate over honoring Columbus versus recognizing Indigenous Peoples' Day.

What did Columbus do after his first voyage?

He made three more voyages around the Caribbean looking for gold and spices.

What was the outcome of Magellan's expedition?

His ship completed the first recorded voyage to circumnavigate the world.

What happened to Magellan during his expedition?

He was killed in a local war in the Philippines.

What system dominated the Middle Ages?

Feudalism

Who was at the top of the feudal hierarchy?

The king

What role did serfs play in the feudal system?

They worked the land and were not free to leave the manor.

What was the most powerful institution during the Middle Ages?

The Church

What catastrophic event occurred between 1347 and the 1350s?

The Black Death

What percentage of Europe's population did the Black Death kill?

About 60%

What were some societal effects of the Black Death?

Labor shortages, peasant revolts, increased urbanization

What economic changes occurred due to the Black Death?

Rising wages and noble bankruptcy

What led to the growth of trade during the Renaissance?

Weakening of feudalism, the Crusades, and increased contact with the East

Which trade route connected Europe to Asia?

The Silk Road

Name one wealthy Italian city-state during the Renaissance.

Venice, Florence, Milan, or Genoa

What family exemplified wealth and patronage of the arts in Renaissance Italy?

The Medici family

What was the main belief of Humanism?

The dignity, potential, and reason of the individual

How did Humanism influence education?

It emphasized that education and reason lead to truth.

Who were three key artists of the Renaissance?

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

What significant method did the Scientific Method promote?

Observation, experimentation, and evidence-based conclusions

Who challenged the Earth-centered universe model?

Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler

What sparked the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther's criticism of Church corruption

What was the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation?

The Counter-Reformation and the Council of Trent

What invention allowed books to be made quickly and cheaply?

The printing press by Johannes Gutenberg

How did the printing press affect literacy?

It increased literacy and allowed ideas to spread rapidly.