Social Psychology Terms and People

Attitude

Attitude

a set of feelings and beliefs

• negative or positive

mere exposure effect

the more someone is exposed to something they will like it more

Central route

deeply processing the content of the message

• questions

Periperal route

including the characteristics of the person imparting the message

• are they famous people

Richard LaPiere

experiment on relationship between attitudes and behavior

Cognitive dissonance theory

people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors, when they don’t they will experience unpleasure

• Lean Festinger and James Carlsmith

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

once a person aggress to a small request they will be more likely to agree to a follow up that is larger

Norms of reciprocity

you ought do do a nice favor in return

door-in-the-face

large request is followed by a smaller atainabboe request

Attribution theory

explains how people determine thee cause of that the observe

Harold Kelley

explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information

consistency - how similarly the individual acts in the sane situation over time (determines unstable or stable)

distinctiveness - how similar this situation is too other situations

consensus - consider how many others are in same situation

Self-full filing prophecy

expectation or belief that influences behaviors

• Robert Rosenthal and Lenore - study on grade children

fundamental attribution error

overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when judging others behavior

Sell-serving bias

take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones

false-consensus effect

overestimate amount of people that agree with them or share same beliefs

just-world bias

people get what the deserve

stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination

stereotype - belief we have on certain people

prejudice - undeserved negative attitude towards group of people

discrimination - involves an action

contact theory

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity

superordinate goal

goal benefits all the necessities or participants

Muzafer Sheif

study on how easily out-group bias can be created and how superordinate goals can unite

Instrumental aggression

aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end

Hostile aggression

no clear purpose for aggression

frustration-aggression hypothesis

feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely

Prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior that helps another

John Darley and Bibb Latane

bystander effect - the larger the number of people watching the less likely someone will intervene

• diffusion of responsibility - assuming someone else will take action

• pluralistic ignorance - deciding what is appropriate behavior that should be stopped

Social facilitation

preforming better when others are watching

Social impairment

being watched hurt performance

Conformity

tendency of people to get along with views or actions of others

Solomon Asche

experiment on conformity

Stanley Milgram

• obedience studies

more likely to obey authority figures

social loafing

individuals don’t put in as much effort when in a group rather than alone

group polarization

tendency of group to make more extreme decisions that alone

Irving Janis

groupthink - tendacy for some groups to make bad decisions

deindividuation

• Philip Zimbardo - prison experiment

loss of self restraint occurs when members of group feel anonymous or aroused